Monday, September 30, 2019

Marketing Project (Jeans) Essay

Born and raised in Los Angeles, Paige Premium Denim is one of the world’s leading denim brands with its signature â€Å"perfect fit† and unmatched variety of styles that flatter the body. Paige Premium Denim was founded in 2004 by fit model Paige Adams-Geller on the principle that you don’t have to be a size zero to look great and feel great in a pair of designer jeans. Committed to using the highest quality materials, the denim line infuses considered, unexpected details into each and every design, combines Southern California casual with pure sophistication. Since the fit model known for having â€Å"the best butt in the business†, soon became known as the designer who makes â€Å"the best butt jeans† in the business. She used her expertise and unique values to create the â€Å"perfect fitting jean.†1 Promising its clientele style they can make all their own, the brand has become a favorite among fashion influencers due to its impeccable styling, exceptional fit and fabric innovation. In constant development, Paige Denim has successfully created an inclusive, complete, and quality label; Paige products are sold in select, high-end retailers and specialty boutiques throughout the world.2 This report will analyze how Paige Premium Denim uses the 4 P’s of product, price, place, and promotion to deliver a quality product to its target market. Target Market The target market can be classified as simply as celebrity style. Geographic Segmentation: Paige Premium Denim brand of jeans was created in the US and is focused around women who are located in California and surrounding area, and where jean trends are highly changing. The market numbers for this area are quite high as the climate doesn’t change with the seasons. With innovated technology and the ability to ship products worldwide, Paige Premium Denim is sold in 80 countries where jeans trends are highly sought after, such as London, England, and Pairs, France. Demographic Segmentation: Paige Premium Denim targets women between the ages of 18-50 with a healthy lifestyle and an above average income. Generally these women have purchasing power with dominate careers and driven oriented in the fashion industry. Women who are still highly involved in family values are a prime target for this brand of jeans, especially North American women who value their health, career and family. Psychographic Segmentation: Paige Premium Denim is an advocate of healthy and positive self-image. It focuses on a status that allows women to feel like a celebrity. Trend setting actresses such as: Blake Lively, Katie Holmes, and Sarah Jessica Parker wear Paige jeans and allows for them to set trends to their followers.3 This product gives women the opportunity to wear celebrity clothing and in turn have a sense of status. Benefit Segmentation: The idea of making such a high quality product for women gives them the sense of purpose; and that by purchasing Paige jeans the benefit they will receive is a sense of being a part of a celebrity trend setting genre. It gives a sense a power and confidence that each pair of jeans is designed with the customer in mind and fulfills that sense of purpose by feeling great once wearing them.4 Usage-Rate Segmentation: Jeans are a top article of clothing found in any person’s wardrobe not just women; however when it comes to clothing the market adapts to women’s needs in terms of usage and purchasing power. Once a new product is developed by Paige Premium Denim; loyal brand followers tend to purchase the product as soon as it comes available.† It is delivered as a ‘must have’ new item† says Marc, the owner of â€Å"The Art of Denim† clothing store in downtown Guelph, Ontario. Product Strategy As the first woman to break into the male-dominated denim world, the â€Å"jeanius† of fit-model-turned-designer; the brand founder, Paige Adams-Geller, designs Paige Denim with her uniquely feminine perspective and fifteen years of â€Å"behind the seams† experience to create a denim brand that is designed by a woman that focused specifically on the desires of a woman. The product promises that every style delivers a drop dead fit and each style is designed with the customer in mind. Fabrics used include: denim/ twill, fencel/ knit, corduroy, and coated leather.5 Paige uses only the finest fabrics and materials while each design is infused with thought and considered elements of women’s bodies. Styles include: ultra-skinny fit, skinny, straight leg, cropped, boot cut, flare, wide leg, curvy, petite, extra-long, and maternity fits. Paige jean’s goal is for women to have a tighter thigh area to create the look of a lifted backside, and while it is effective; it isn’t always the most comfortable. Paige Denim is committed to using the highest quality materials and infusing, unexpected details into each and every design. For example, in the skinny leg style the back right pocket has a tiny pocket sewn into it that a credit card or ID card fits perfectly into. This allows women who are tend not to carry hand bags the opportunity to have a pair of jeans that will fit their needs. Colour is never just navy blue for Paige denim. It is, however; washed in dark, medium, and light denim, as well as non-traditional colours for denim such as red. Paige is from Alaska, and during her time when she visits, that when her inspiration takes place.6 The culture brings in different colours to experiment with as well as texture and materials. Size range from 23 to 34 waistband size or some labels can be read as, XS (extra small), S (small), M (medium), and L (large). Paige jeans do come in a more extended range of sizes, such as its maternity fits with elastic waistbands. The length of each pair is also important; they range from 30 to 34 in length or from petite to tall. 7 Labelling is another important aspect for Paige jeans as they have re-launched its design to fit the growth of the company, as shown in Figure 1. Labelling is the one element of those changes. Here is the labels and tags in comparison to the original ones. Old Paige Tag New Paige Tag

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Jessica Swindle Essay

In this time and age, a lot of people are struggling for their lives. We can never deny the fact how tough it is to deal with the circumstances that come along our way and it is imperative for us to weigh our capabilities in order to make our best and live our lives to the best of our abilities. As Merwin epitomized his thoughts on his â€Å"Eskimo Poem†, he freely exemplify the perception of what it entails to live in this world and at the same time possess the grip to what is in store for you in the future. At the beginning of the poem, the tender emotion shoot in as one wonders what life could bring each and every single of his life. But along the way, to some extent there is bit scepticism as the challenges hinders the happiness of a person. â€Å"But I am leaving the shore in my skin boat, it came to me that I was in danger and now the small troubles look big† (Mervin), during the moments that we feel we are alone with our predicament and that we can no longer bear the confrontation of life we tend to look for another way wherein we can build our lives again. Indeed, as the poem utters â€Å"and the ache that comes from the things I have to do every day big† (Merwin), it only means one thing, and that is to find alternative measures to make our lives better. In this regard, it was thoroughly elucidated how trials expands and it is only our hope that can uplift our spirit. â€Å"But only one thing is great only one, this in the hut by the path to see the day coming out of its mother and the light filling the world† (Merwin), positively, at the end of the day there is always a light that will shed our fears and will shelter our minds and hearts. Like the poem, we should find contentment with our lives even if it will take to some place and to different level of maturity. Acceptance of dare could be a proliferating factor in order for us to be great in the paths that we are taking.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Transamerica V. Lynes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transamerica V. Lynes - Case Study Example The defendant in the case uses the sales and service invoice as evidence. The invoice  signed  invoice stated  that â€Å"I certify that the above materials or services have been received†. These words clarify that the document is a delivery receipt or a billing statement and not an integrated contract. Before the agent’s signature, there is a statement which says that the materials and services have been received in a good state and according to the terms and conditions (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 4). Therefore, the agent should have read and understood the terms and conditions before signing the document. The back side of the invoice contains facts renouncing express and implied warranties, determining prices, charges, and terms subject to change without notice. The information behind the invoice also, designates other charges that will be directed to the purchaser, and demanding payment within thirty days after delivery. The court only presented with the express warranty issue, and hence, it excluded the warranty disclaimer language written behind the invoice. The court had to undertake research and determine whether the advertisement by Spencer included express warranties giving assurances that the packers would work well in open well for long periods of time. The court later awarded the Transamerica company damages worth $196,577.62 based on their claim of a breached express warranty (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 4). The case presented before the jury involves sale of goods under the sale definitions and terms of the UCC, which are written in Kan Stat Ann (84-2-102, 84-2-105 and 84-2-106 (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 6). In this case, the four-year statute is applicable and hence the claim is appropriate. According to the Kansas law, any promises or affirmations in the advertisements by the seller that prompt the buyer to buy a commodity or service is considered as an express warranty.  

Post Colonial Lit & A Small Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Post Colonial Lit & A Small Place - Essay Example With no power to launch a counter attack on any fronts, Antiguans just succumbed to the pressure. The natural process of cultural development of Antigua came to a dead halt. The nation lost the equilibrium. The power of colonization is so intense that it has the capacity to totally obliterate any culture that it encounters on the way and it leads to economic, cultural, and social and above all the slavery of the minds of the people. That is true of Antigua. The British had created a rosy picture of standard of life before the combustible younger generation of Antigua. The local populace had been experiencing for hundreds of years the impact of British culture, tradition and power and the process of slow subversion continued. The middle class was attracted by the promises and wealth-generating capability of the capitalist state like Britain. As for morals, the British were no match as compared to the standard of Antiguans. The presence of the British in different segments in the life of Antiguans is being experienced, even when they have left the country for good. Indirect colonization in the segments of culture and economy is going on unabated and unchecked, unfortunately though. Kincaid treats the arrival of the tourist the post-colonial era in Antigua in an interesting and thought-provoking style. She articulates that the tourist does not arrive with an intention to exploit. But he does expect to be treated in a preferential manner. Is it superiority complex? It is so; even though the tourist may not say it openly. He has come to a country to spend his disposable wealth and to enjoy. How do the locals react to the arrival of the tourists in their country? Kincaid explains their attitude with lots of sarcasm: â€Å"An ugly thing, that is what you are when you become a tourist, an ugly empty thing, a stupid thing, a piece of rubbish pausing here and there to gaze at this and taste that, and it will never occur to you that the people who inhabit the place in wh ich you have just paused cannot stand you, that behind their closed doors they laugh at your strangeness.†(17)The host country, lacks in the areas of industrial development and other wealth-generating infrastructure, wants such tourists, as they bring money and employment to the locals. So, the tourism industry does not have a national goal or destination in Antigua. It develops like a service industry to cater to the ethnocentric demands on this country and contributing to the further advancement of cultural colonialism. Colonists are ruling from outside, without the liability of the governance of the territory of Antigua. This is a small but intimidating book, which sets the sociologists, economists and the politicians thinking. She provides the under-represented version of what happened in Antigua, which is also true of most of the colonized countries. She attacks the Europeans viciously for all the evil they heaped upon the people of Antigua, and she has own perspective of judging the past and visualizing the present and the future. She tones town her attack and makes the realistic assessment about the plight of the people of Antigua thus: â€Å"Of course, the whole thing is, once you cease to be a master, once you throw off your master's yoke, you are no longer human rubbish, you are just a human being, and all the things that adds up to. So, too with the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Proposal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Proposal Argument - Essay Example One of the most controversial debates on the crimes committed in the world today is influenced by movie viewing, and addiction is on gun control among the youths (Spitze 217). The rapid rate of increase in criminal acts is the major reason why almost all countries in the world have to reinforce their internal and external security systems in order to ensure proper security conditions in their countries. Two questions remain to be debated on this issue; first, whether the governments should enact laws to regulate the handling of firearms in each country and secondly, whether the governments or any other formed agency should have the mandate of enforcing these rules and controls the handling of firearms across the globe. Motivated by the same spirit of the need to help straighten the bend that has started appearing in our youths of late, this paper seeks to determine the level of potentiality of the media houses to contribute to the inculcation of this outlawed vice in the young genera tion, mostly college students. This paper will therefore examine the close relationship between the movie industry and the performing art and the various related arrays of crimes that are performed these days in various parts of the world. More significantly, this analysis will be carried out on the youths of the age between fifteen years and thirty years and come up with recommendations on what is suppose to be done in order to minimize or abolish completely this rising vice around the globe. Despite all these attempts to solve the looming security threats, efforts made by various governments have yielded no mentionable success and security threats remain an issue in pursuit. However, it has been noted that most insecurity issues around the world are committed by the young generation most of whom are college students or those fresh from college. Talk about the suicide bombers, the abductors, kidnappers, rappers, the answer lies with the young man or young girl who wakes up every mo rning only to fix his or her eyes on the television always with a dozen of movie collections and a bunch of story books in a coach somewhere in the homes. Suppose you were watching, the seven o’clock news one evening after work together with your innocent son or daughter in his or her usual coach and his or her whole bunch of movie collection besides him or her and you see the police notifying the public about him or her at that moment for alleged danger potentiality. What questions will cross your mind? Will you say he or she is not the one the police are talking about? Alternatively, will you rush to the police that very moment and tell them they are mistaken in their identification and have to apologize? Romer argues that our children are endowed with everything they need to practice violence right from the house; he argues that while these young adults may look innocent before our eyes, they secretly learn these criminal acts behind our back and later on go out to practic e these vices (Romer et al 97). This has been alleged is the tie between crimes committed by most college students and the movie industry. According to Roberts and Doob, the violent movies are the most alleged sources of online lessons conducted in a manner hard to suspect for such criminal engagements. Most people

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Wk11(31)disc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk11(31)disc - Essay Example However, in saying that she went to Baylor Medical Center Emergency room, someone could check the date and probably find out who she was if they were looking. This is one area where the clients confidentially is compromised. Also, stating the entire information about the trial, the fact that it was "lengthy" and the fact that the stepfather denied having done anything wrong would possibly be traceable to a well publicized court case. It is not necessary in this writers opinion to give all the details of the rape. Although it is important to note that she comes to the counseling session because of "anxiety, hypervigilence, nightmares, flashbacks of the rape, and ruminative guilt" are what should be emphasized in the report instead of the exact details of the rape. Also, the report is not written in a professional manner but has the tone of someone wanting to make sure all the "juicy details" are present in the report. According to Nail (1990) an intake interview should have enough relevant information to lead the counselor towards a conclusion about the type of therapeutic interventions that are needed. In order to do this, it is important to organize the data into a logical structure and to develop it chronologically (Nail, 1990). In this sense, the information about the rape should have been categorized differently and it should have been more professionally written. I would feel very uncomfortable showing this report to the client. I would think that they would be upset about all the details in it and this could escalate her anxiety. I think that the report reads like a soap opera rather than a formal intake review. Harvey (1997) states that reports can be readable and without much jargon so that anyone can understand them (p. 273) but this therapist was reporting more than was comfortable for this writer. I also think that the therapist may have been appalled at what

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Ill attach the document that has the questions Essay

Ill attach the document that has the questions - Essay Example Due to this pressure exerted on the pistons, the pistons in turn exert friction on the brake pads hence producing a clamping force on the rotating disc attached to the wheel disc. This clamping force is what is responsible for stopping the rotation disc hence the wheel. Figure 1 below shows the working principle of a braking system. [3] Figure 1 How do design & operational requirements influence material property requirements for the brake disc? The center of a brake disc contains bearings such that as the vehicle drivers presses the brake pad, the disc is mounted on the axle and is held in to place by the wheel. When brakes are applied, a lot of heat is generated due to the friction between the braking surfaces. Therefore, materials chosen for the construction of the brake parts should be able to withstand very high temperatures. Also, the brake disc runs at a certain high speed in the process of stopping the motion of a wheel. [1] The most widely used brake disc material was cast i ron but it was found to consume a lot of fuel due to its high specific gravity. This has seen exploitation of other lightweight materials to replace cast iron. The materials for use in designing the brake disc must have a low cost per unit property and also meet the digital logic condition. Therefore, materials used for brake systems must have a stable and reliable frictional and wear properties under varying conditions of load, velocity, temperature and environment, and high durability. [6] Therefore the several factors to be considered when selecting a brake disc material include the ability of the brake disc material to withstand high friction and less abrasive wear and ability to withstand the high temperature evolved due to friction. Another important factors that are of importance in consideration during the brake disc design is the cost of the whole process and the weight of the materials to be used. [1] Material selection exercise for brake disc One of the most fundamental a bility of a material for the manufacture of a brake disc is the material to be able to reduce friction and less wear and tear. It must also be able to properly function even in high temperatures. The brake disc must also have enough thermal storage capacity to prevent distortion or cracking due to thermal stress. This is not particularly important in a single stop but it is crucial in the case of repeated stops from high speed. Sometimes it may be unimportant to consider the cost of materials to be used if the material is to perform a critical function in space i.e. beryllium for structural components, iridium for radiation screening. Also in case it is to be used in medical procedures i.e. gold tooth fillings and in equipment for highly competitive sports for instance one racing motorcycle had a cylinder-head made of solid silver for its high thermal conductivity. [12] The model for brake disc In Fig. 1 below, a brake disk can be idealized as two beams having length L, depth b and thickness h, locked together at their ends. Each of the beam is loaded in bending when the brake is applied, and because braking generates heat, it therefore gets hot. The stiffness S of the beam is also critical. If the stiffness is inadequate then the disc will flex, impairing braking efficiency and allowing vibration. Its ability to transmit heat, too, is critical since part of the heat

Monday, September 23, 2019

I dont have a specific topic. i want my topic to be something on Research Paper

I dont have a specific topic. i want my topic to be something on sociol trend - Research Paper Example This paper points out the causes of HIV infection among the youth and measures to reduce infection in the society. HIV infections not only affect the youth but also the whole nation, as there will be a lack of enough support from government to satisfy all their needs, which leads to poor living standards (Opie 291). With the youth, being highest affected and sexually active, the rate of infection is bound to increase in most of the countries, as the young comprise more than half the population of nations. Child infection at birth is a rampant way in which infection occurs to youths, as most parents do not admit to their statuses and therefore ends up infecting their children (Kapungwe115). Governments are spending lots of revenue on health care of HIV infected people to provide care and medication. Friedens claims that more than five billion dollars used as costs of HIV-positive people among the nations. Governments should increase awareness and incorporate new syllabuses in educatio n systems to cater for these HIV/AIDS control and prevention measures. A research done by the CDC researchers in 2010 found that, among the youth aged 18 to 24 years, 65% in every 100, 000 people have HIV, which is an increase from previous researches. In 2010, 82.8% of the new infections were men and with a high possibility of the gay and bisexual men. African Americans in US have over half of the population infected due to their sexual orientation and their lack of awareness on how to prevent infections. Some causes of these infections seem broad and depends on the background of the infection. Substance abuse and use is a major contributor to the HIV infections. For instance, high school students have been found to use alcohol, tobacco and other drugs which makes them highly vulnerable to engage in risky situations. Drug dependent youths who have run away from homes due to drugs have high risks of infection as they might have unprotected sex for money, drugs, or shelter. These are what are increasing the rate in which infections among the youth in different nations (The, Washington, 2006). In addition, lack of awareness among the youth is another contributor to the infections since a large number of youths are not concerned with protecting themselves. Drug use and abstaining from sex can be a good way for the youth to protect themselves from being infected but the youth requires clear information on HIV and elimination of infections and usage of condoms, and how to negotiate for safer sex. Health messages to the youth can have a great impact in their lives as many end up regretting for not having the knowledge and understanding of how to protect themselves. This thus increases the stigmas such people have. As Brown, Kate, Lea points out , â€Å"One of the most surprising elements of AIDS stigma is its ubiquitous nature even where the epidemic is widespread and affecting so many people, such as in sub-Saharan Africa. (51)† With this lack of awareness a mongst the youth, infections are bound to increase as the some governments are doing less to make the less fortunate aware of these risks and prevention measures (Mwiturubani 157). In most African countries, a bigger percentage do not Have access to formal education which gives awareness of current issues and many youths do not have the general knowledge of infections and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Unemployment among the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

History Test Questions Essay Example for Free

History Test Questions Essay Manzanar in CA – loss of $ property – 100th Battalion – â€Å"Purple Heart† Battalion – 442nd Regimental Combat Team – fought in Italy, France, Germany – Most decorated combat unit in US history for proportion of length of service – â€Å"Buddha Heads† – Most Japanese-Americans served as soldiers in Europe while interpreters and such went to the Pacific – obvious racism/discrimination Minority group most adversely affected by Washington DC’s wartime policies was – Japanese-Americans Internment – costs – effects – camps – prejudice – military service – Nisei born in USA, so citizens The general attitude toward WWII was – less idealistic ideological more practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook – What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were â₠¬â€œ a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were better prepared educated than most European immigrants (so they were middle class usually had $) Ex. Japan felt represented – wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century – so â€Å"picture brides† When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about * WWI had campaigned (but many people didn’t know in WWI either – Ex. Sergeant York Gallipoli) During WWII, the US gov’t commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, Loas) Wartime agencies functions: War Production Board – assign priorities w/respect to use of raw materials transportation facilities Office of Price Administration – controlled inflation by rationing essential goods War Labor Board – imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) – saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against Af-Am’s seeking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph – 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring – FDR feared march so made a deal to announce Executive Order #8802 for Af-Am’s fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Am’s but some whites too – began in 1920s) While most US workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the – United Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mining is almost as risky as war – in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, both back then and today – only crab ishing is truly more hazardous b y proportion – although they are much safer today During WWII – labor unions substantially increased their membership †¢ There were some strikes – Ex. United Mine Workers – unfair distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program – p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture some industries (later deported in the offensive â€Å"Operation Wetback†) [Ironic after 1930’s treatment in CA for example – Okies for Mexicans, etc†¦ Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – June 1943 – federal gov’t could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex. Coal mines and RRs briefly] p. 832 Employment of more than 6 million women in America (~3 million had never worked for wages before) industry during WWII led to – the establishment of day-care centers by gov’t (*†Rosie† vs. â€Å"Wendy†) [Usually single women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries] * Not equal pay for equal work in almost all cases – although some women earned as good or better money if they were outstanding – some were indeed Ex. P. 33 – WOW poster * My recruiting posters WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in Europe – Ex. Britain USSR – in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Am’s (both men women) * Migrations from South as Af-Am’s leave while to the South came war industries and military bases Why? Cheap wages very few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages (especially in defense industries, etc†¦) *** p. 833 – WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) â€Å"GI† – â€Å"Government Issue† * USCG Merchant Marine Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was – family obligation Af-Am’s did all of following during WWII: rally behind slogan of â€Å"Double V† (victory over Axis racism at home), move north west in large migrations (seeking work – often in war industries) (move to cities – â€Å"urban† begins to mean â€Å"black†) (ghettos created – not like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc†¦) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation discrimination – Ex. Race riots in Detroit in 1943 – later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE – 1942 increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen – 332nd/99th w/impeccable record – no bombers lost on their escorts – Benjamin O. Davis sr. Benjamin O. Davis jr. – West Point grads – endured silent treatment from whites – Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history – Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron – see picture on . 835), What about fighting in integrated combat units? Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 – led to Executive Order #8802 – in 1963, helped organize march to Wash DC for MLK jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC – to protect Af-Am’s to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination – but better than w/out it), proposed â€Å"negro March on Washington,† What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)? On pp. 834-836 Migration Map on p. 834 * Cotton production in South – hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this – many) w/ introduction of mechanization – so migration p. 836 * Native Americans ~25,000 serve – Ex. Comanche in Europe Navajo in Pacific – â€Å"code talkers† p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 – â€Å"Zoot Suit Riots† – Pachucos vs. Servicemen – violence – retaliation – gangs – blame – reactions – tensions – â€Å"Victory Suits† – race riots p. 836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 – fatalities pp. 36-837 Big gov’t intervention received its greatest boost from – WWII (not the New Deal) During WWII, most Am’s economically experienced – prosperity a doubling of personal income p. 837 National Gross National Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 b illion – GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 – corporate profits rose from ~$6 billion in 1940 to ~$12 billion by 1944 – Henry Stimson (Sec of War) â€Å"if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business won’t work. p. 837 * disposable income after war-time taxes more than doubled (but there was inflation too) * post-war consumerism w/surplus income to purchase in post-war US economy – Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 – developed weapons, including Atomic (nuclear) bombs *** â€Å"warfare-welfare state† b/t 1941-1945 * rationing – total war effort – bond drives – kids had Al drives for example, etc†¦ Ex of poster: â€Å"When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler! † – Black Market Chart for Rise in National Debt – rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion – 10 times more than WWI – more $ than all federal spending since 1776 – income tax – 4 times as many people than before war – some people taxed as high as 90% of income – taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost – rest is borrowed from US public – Liberty Loans – Bond Drives others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons moguls and/or through corporations banks – 1941 National Debt was $49 billion – grew to $259 billion in 1945 – war cost ~$10 million per hour at peak of war – plus blood, sweat, tears – tremendous loss of life – Ex. USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Am’s accelerated after WWII b/c – mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians – moved off of reservations in large numbers (~25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USA’s Af-Am communities had shifted to – northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 â€Å"The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation [Migartion Map on p. 834] National debt increased most during – World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ raised to finance WWII came through – borrowing (individuals, corporations – bonds for middle class working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans – bond sales – hugely promoted) p. 38 First naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done b y (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of – the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia – Tie to stop Japanese threat/invasion of the â€Å"Land Down Under† – USA lost one carrier – USS Lexington – USS Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at Midway where she was finally sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) * Midway – 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other – June 3rd-6th, 1942 – the turning point of the Pacific war p. 839] The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of – Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details – our 3 carriers to their 4 – we sank all four and lost only one – planes – luck – plans – codes – drama – Spruance, Nimitz, etc†¦ plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was dive rsion, which was fairly effective – cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they – over extended themselves instead of digging in consolidating their gains p. 839 – Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc†¦- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor before Allied advances began. In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of – (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible – but not always – Ex. Philippines Pelelieu Aleutians) [MacArthur/US Army Halsey in South – USMC Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific] All strategies considered implemented in some fashion – heavy bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over â€Å"the Hump† of the Himalayas, turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done – but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), USCG in two prong drive across south central Pacific with Adm. Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas – Tinian Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could conduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands – But a nasty volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way – could notify Japan that bombers were coming – plus many damaged bombers needed the vital air strip on the island for emergency landings – so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure – giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi – the 2nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world – â€Å"Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho! † Allies won Battle of Atlantic by – escorting convoys of merchants’ (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) [E x. Carrier other Task Forces], dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At war’s end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of voluntarily service still got volunteers up until the end – 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 – Adm Downitz asked for more before war – didn’t get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts – depth charges – RADAR (B-24s B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) – SONAR – Enigma code machine codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) – US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing â€Å"wolf packs† (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic Most important battle in Western Europe! Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler’s greatest opportunities of defeating Britain winning the war was – the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitler’s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined {* Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives} pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c – of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) lack of adequate resources {* We’d have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans – as indeed we did really until 1943 – we needed to learn how to fight – Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR – cannot blame him entirely FDR’s promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 – was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the undertaking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really – meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy – before two major invasions of France in June Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender would – encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDR’s Churchill’s insistence on the absolute and â€Å"unconditional surrender† of Germany – eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology: Casablanca, Morocco – Jan 1943 FDR Churchill meet – Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran – w/FDR Churchill discuss Chiang Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) – Nov 28th – Dec 1st, 1943 – plans for W E attacks on Germany p. 844 – FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany – July 1945 – Truman, Churchill, Stalin – Potsdam Declaration how to end war post-war plans p. 851 Chronology: Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 [my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) – she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea Vietnam) – one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts – served under Patton in N Africa was at the Bulge – his eye was hanging out of his head attached by the optic nerve – they saved his eye – but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his lif e mentally carrying the burdens of death – her other brother was in Pacific – he would not come home until Japan was beaten] – VJ Day 8/15/45 – Japan’s surrender was 8/14/45 – official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 – WWII was finally over after many deaths – military ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was – overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italy’s surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French – At least they claim to be â€Å"lovers not fighters† – but the Romans seriously put a foot in and/or up one’s booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of t he war in Northern Italy – also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (â€Å"iron curtain†) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, Germany US First Army – The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group) Italians switched sides – Germans reinforced – bloody battles b/c of terrain – Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this – Italy was a vital valuable front – perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) – plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 – was Sicily Italy before France – Stalin still not happy Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) [Ike] {West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, Great political general – needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues – he was the right man for the job – although many disagreed about that at the time} ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) Breako ut 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc†¦ (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the â€Å"forgotten man† at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c – so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman – Sen from MO political machine – failed in business – US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 – funeral train – some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR – Eleanor said to Harry, â€Å"The president is dead. â €  Truman replied, â€Å"Is there anything I can do for you. † Mrs Roosevelt responded, â€Å"Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, you’re the one who is in trouble now. † FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews – was reprehensively slow in coming – Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps – USA did know – Gov’t knew for sure since 1942 when â€Å"final solution† was implemented – US gov’t knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitler’s book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII – like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war , nor would many of them fought for that ideal anyway–my opinion–so you know it’s correct! ( Hitler’s last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA British (plus other Allies) came in – Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there – got that nasty eye wound †¢ Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border – brutal mine fields – slaughter – overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten †¢ Bulge – why it’s called the Battle of the Bulge – weather – secrecy – push through weak Ardennes – Malmady – Mr. High – casualties 76,000 US – worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) – Germans lost 140,000+ cold – no air cover for weeks – Bastogne – 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) – 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Bastogne, Hitlerâ €™s Eagle’s Nest – Patton 3rd Army – costly choice to push bulge back rather than pinch it (liposuction) – air cover returns – push to the Rhine – USSR pushing from the East – USSR in Berlin brutal As result of Battle of Leyte Gulf – Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 – largest naval battle ever – Halsey – Taffy 3 – Kamikazes – Yamato) [Philippines fell – 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) – hold outs in to 1970s] {Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war} ***** War of attrition in Pacific – to the death – rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference – issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of â€Å"face a rain of ruin from the air† †¢ It’s already facing a â€Å"rain of ruin from the air’ as did German cities! p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan – Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) – told Truman to use it promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier – entered war 8/8/4 5, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed – threat of more bombing – not specific as to use of an atomic bomb – more bombing – so what – already taking that! Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that – the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That! ***** Letter â€Å"c† in the answer choices – The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans – who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks – one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board – still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned ready to go – they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishi’s Unit 731 in Manchuria – chemical biological weapons – delivery systems – Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etc†¦- USA made post-war deal w/ the Devil! No war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc†¦ The â€Å"unconditional surrender† policy toward Japan was finally modified by – agreeing to let Japan’s Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic gov’t) * No war crimes trials for emperor – Tojo took the fall for emperor – no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis – let Japan have terms that Germany did not get – then USA – built up former enemies (W Germany Japan) into allies while former allies (USSRlt; etc†¦) became enemies – COLD WAR! The following were qualities of US participation in WWII: A group of highly effective military political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons supplies (usually more, later, better equipment than enemies – out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes some off-shore shelling, some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones – USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) p. 27 FDR as â€Å"all wise† for Germany first strategy over those who disagree – Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies Trade Space for Time * German ( Japanese) scientists – weapons – A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order #9066 (100th/442nd ) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners – exploited, underpaid – share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man power Woman power – Braceros (later deportations in â€Å"Operation Wetback†) – Rosie (Wendy) – day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p. 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order #8802) **** (Charles Drew – Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion – put in charge of Allied blood banks – he was forced to segregate blood too – his death outside a hospital after an accident – died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE – 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) Navajo (Pacific) â€Å"code talkers† pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 Detroit, MI 1943 â€Å"Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some di stressingly violent action. † pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying â€Å"the Hump† in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road – Merril’s Mauraders Gen Stillwell) p. 838 â€Å"ill-trained† Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast – delays Japanese – Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japan’s High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies †¢ Guam (Saipan – suicides), Marianas â€Å"Turkey Shoot’ F6F Hellcat kill ratio †¢ 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea – massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill – â€Å"The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. † pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic – U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war – Downitz) – no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost ~20 million pp. 842-843 â€Å"unconditional surrender† debate results pp. 843-846 D-Day: June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence – Teheran 1943 – Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chosen to command D-Day invasion – (feignt w/Patton at Calais – codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc†¦) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 – officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR: Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 Focus on VP – Truman – on Sen Committee for Wasteful Sp ending – told to stop investigating Manhattan Project – he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey – FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce – â€Å"He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. † pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties – worst US battle ever – so far * Okinawa Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 Holocaust – camps liberated – horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p. 849 FDR’s deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies Hard – US subs sinking Japanese ships – cutting off Japan’s vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships ~50% of Japan’s merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 ~83,000 KIA p. 850 Ley te Gulf, Iwo Jima, Pkinawa – short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck! Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) @ Okinawa, Japanese had ~200,000 military civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan Leyte, then Iwo Okinawa – worst of all – no Final Battle – would’ve been worst) †¢ They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture – post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etc†¦ p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria North Korea (not a country split N S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc†¦ pp. 853-854 The Allies Triumphant p. 853 US casualties ~ 1 million ~1/3rd KIA †¢ plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc†¦. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost ~20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. submarines on both coasts p. 853 â€Å"In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. † Kind of funny given US history – don’t you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels – won war through production – more of everything – then eventually better more! Churchill – â€Å"Nothing succeeds like excess. † Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe – â€Å"Americans can’t build planes – only elect ric ice boxes and razor blades. † Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 â€Å"But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. † What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI – Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would â€Å"enemy aliens† and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II: Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930’s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out – made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationist Others thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy – racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), Japan’s militarist gov’t w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war – he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japan’s gov’t Battle of Berlin – brutal pay back – refugees – rapes – POWs – Hitler’s death

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Example for Free

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Sunshine laws created by different states are based on the Sunshine Act passed by Congress in 1976. In the United States, for the first time, the Sunshine Act requires that â€Å"multi-headed federal agencies† or those agencies that are headed by a committee instead of an individual such as the Securities and Exchange Commission hold their meetings regularly in public (Bardes et al., 2011, p. 423). As the term implies, the government wants more transparency, as well as, give interested parties the opportunities to observe or participate if possible. Moreover, these agencies are also required to provide public notice of these meetings in advance to allow people to take note of the agenda and be able to prepare questions if they have any. According to the Act, the term â€Å"meetings† encompass any formal or informal gathering of agency members and this includes even conference calls (Bardes, et al., 2011). The only exceptions to this rule of openness are meetings pertaining to court cases and personnel issues, among others. Currently, sunshine laws exist at all levels of government in practically every state. Nevertheless, each state has its own version of sunshine laws. For example, in California, open meetings must be held within the boundaries of the jurisdiction of the organization (BoardSource, 2010). In Virginia, there are about 20 exceptions to sunshine laws. In Colorado, electronic mail, if used to discuss public concerns, also constitutes as a meeting (BoardSource, 2010). It must be noted that states such a Florida and Utah have had sunshine laws even before the passing of the Sunshine Act (McLendon Hearn, 2006). The purpose of sunshine laws is to promote public access to information especially when it comes to decision-making processes that the government takes. Sunshine laws also aim to improve these decision-making processes by allowing public access (ACUS, n.d.). Among the most important policies that sunshine laws highlight are (i) expanding upon the democratic tradition of the United States; (ii) providing a check on governmental power; (iii) making government officials more accountable to  citizens; (iii) ensuring that information and the authorities that bring it â€Å"remain diffused and broadly accessible by different interests within society† (McLendon Hearn, 2006, p. 646). To note, sunshine laws ensure that the investing public are kept abreast of what’s happening among the agencies that function because of the taxes they are paying. Sunset Law Meanwhile, a sunset law is a statute or provision within a statute that requires periodic reviews of the justification for the continued existence of that specific law, â€Å"administrative agency, or other governmental function† (Hall, Clark, Ely, Grossman Hull, 2002, p. 770). This means that there are certain agencies, for instance, that will not be in existence forever. It is necessary to put a termination date for certain committees, for instance, since they need to be funded and once their works are over there is no more sense in keeping them. Occasionally, Congress identifies an end date when it establishes federal agencies or programs. In the event that an affirmative decision is not made for the continuance of an agency or program, then the â€Å"sun sets† on them and then they become automatically terminated (Hall, et al., 2002, p. 770). The purpose of sunset laws is to solve the problem of â€Å"legal obsolescence† which is a term used to describe the â€Å"reduced usefulness or applicability of a statute, regulation, or agency† (Hall, et al., p. 770). Sunset policies are unique in the sense that they mandate expiration of regulations and agencies on a specified date unless it is determined by legislature that the regulation or agency continues to be useful. The underlying rationale here is that a well-run agency or still-useful regulation will have no trouble getting renewed. States started adopting sunset laws between the late 1970 and early 1980 (Hall, et al., 2002). It is important to note that although Congress passed the Sunset Act of 1977 in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, it was never signed into law (Hall, et al., 2002). Sunset laws bring transparency and accountability because there are multiple reasons why laws become obsolete and therefore no longer useful for citizens. Among these reasons are (i) laws are created as  response to specific problems or crises; (ii) specific problems with laws may not manifest themselves for decades; and (iii) certain laws become obsolete in the face of international competition and rapid technological advancements. (Hall, et al., 2002). Because some laws have funding components, or are administered by the same entities for years, sunset laws enhance transparency and accountability. In conclusion, both sunset and sunshine laws are created so that the publics various rights in a democratic society are promoted. The sunshine laws promote greater public participation in government matters while sunset laws ensure that government funds are not squandered in committees or agencies that do not serve any purpose. References Administrative Conference of the United States. (n.d.). Government in the Sunshine Act. Retrieved on August 17, 2012 from http://www.acus.gov/research/the-conference- current-projects/government-in-the-sunshine-act/ Bardes, B., Shelley, M.C. Schmidt, S.W. (2011). American Government and politics today: The essentials. Independence: BoardSource. (2010). The handbook of nonprofit governance. New York: John Wiley Sons. Hall, K., Clark, D.S., Ely, J.W., Grossman, J.B. Hull, N.E.H. (2002). The Oxford Companion to American Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McLendon, M. K., Hearn, J. C. (2006). Mandated openness in public higher education: A field study of state sunshine laws and institutional governance. Journal of Higher Education, 77(4), 645-683.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Designer Duties Arising from Health and Safety Legislation

Designer Duties Arising from Health and Safety Legislation Summary of designer duties determine any possible dangers that might arise when carrying out construction and maintenance in future find relevant solutions to deal with the hazards inform PSDP about significant control measures, design presumptions or remaining risks to ensure they are handled in the Safety and Health Plan collaborate with PSDP, PSCS and other designers responsible for existing safety and health plan or safety file follow the guidance from PSDP or PSCS remind client on the necessity of PSDP ensure project to be constructed is safe and will maintain safely besides fulfil the needs of health and safety legislation, according to the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Defining design and designers Under the Regulations, design work includes the formation of drawings, particulars, specifications, calculations, the preambles and preliminaries of bills of quantities, where we can find specifications or other expressions of purpose from them, in accordance with which a project, or any part or component of a project, is to be carried out. The design process is the process of developing and preparing a design of a project from initial ideas up to a more precise specification, which often include different teams and fields at various stages throughout the project. Designers involve organisations or individuals who responsible for the design work of a project, including the design of temporary works. It is possible for them to make decisions that significantly reduce the hazards to safety and health when construction is on-going and during subsequent use and maintenance. Potential designers from various professions are: architects, civil and structural engineers, building services consultants, building surveyors, landscape architects and other design practices and individuals who assist or responsible for analysing, calculating, preparatory design work, designing, detailing, specifying and preparing bills of quantities for construction work; Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical and other related engineers who involved in the project; person who determine or modify a design, or who specify the application of certain work methods or specific materials, including client, temporary work designers, interior designers, specialist subcontractors who contribute to design work and construction materials selection Examples of temporary works are trench shoring, scaffolding, propping, working platforms, gangways and access stairs or ladders. Employers or the head of design team are designers. Areas of responsibility between various designers on a project should be outlined precisely to prevent any overlap or gaps, which cause confusion or even possible danger. The duties relating to safety and health of each designer can be formed after outlining scope of responsibility for designers. Duties of Designers According to Regulation 15(1), a designer is required to consider the general principles of prevention, relevant safety and health plan and safety file when working on design of a project. General Principles of Prevention Under Regulation 15(1), designers must consider the General Principles of Prevention that are found in Schedule 3 to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 as well as other related Safety and Health Plan or Safety File. The Principles of Prevention are a hierarchy for reducing and eliminating risks. If applicable, the first thing to tackle in handling safety and health on construction projects at design stage is to reduce and eliminate risks. Designers should consider existing risks in certain areas of the project and relate any possible new hazards created by design process for workers in construction areas, end users and the public. General Principles of Prevention is used as a guide in reducing risks experienced during the construction process and after the project is completed. The measures in descending order of effectiveness are: risks prevention assessment of inevitable hazards dealing with risks on site adaptation of work to the person: working environment, equipment used for work, working systems, in order to prevent repetitive jobs and health risks adaptation of working place to technical development replacing risky elements, substances or working systems with those that less dangerous establishment of prevention policy related to safety, health and welfare at work that consider about technology, social factors, working organisation, environment and conditions prioritizing collective protective measures over individual protective measures providing appropriate training and guidance to employees Besides, designers should: identify any hazards in the design eliminate risks when applicable without introducing other higher risks evaluate and reduce residual hazards by using risk assessment process of the design and prioritizing collective protection supply relevant information so that other designers, contractors and the PSDP are aware of identified residual hazards and able to take action Designers should be aware of hazards that likely cause injury. They must assess design proposals critically at beginning, followed by throughout the design process, to identify the main construction safety and health issues, and include them into overall design process. The nature of risks varies depends on the type of project constructed. Designers should review the hazards before informing the PSDP when developing the design, especially for design and build contracts, where there is a large overlap in time between designing main elements of a project and the construction stage. Designers are recommended to participate in some safety and health meetings between the PSDP, PSCS, and contractor. Designers may have direct influence, and should consider other design considerations such as: choosing position and design of structures to prevent or minimise risks from known site hazards, e.g. buried services, traffic movements, contaminated ground minimise health hazards, e.g. use less hazardous materials, prevent activities that emit dangerous substances, use materials can be handled easily, design block paved areas and access areas minimise safety hazards, e.g. work at height, fragile roof site, public areas or on motorways, flammable materials; apply prefabrication to minimise dangerous work or in a controlled manner prevent hazardous aspects that cause falling or injury if work at height is unavoidable, e.g. install permanent access in the beginning; apply edge protection work on attempts that simplify the construction process, e.g. provide lifting points, weight and centre of gravity for heavy items on the items and drawings; consider temporary works needed; end bearings to slabs or beams that end-propping temporarily; design connections to ensure accuracy of assembly design to simplify maintenance and cleaning jobs in future, e.g. concern on safe permanent access; create access areas for future maintenance; utilise windows that can be cleaned from indoor; design safe plant rooms; create safe access for roof Providing Information According to Regulation 15(b), a designer requires to supply all related information in written form to project supervisors in order for them to conduct their duties. The details provided should be up-to-date so that the PSDP able to coordinate activities of designers involved in the project besides ensure the effectiveness of communication between PSCS and other duty-holders. Moreover, designers should provide relevant information on the design features that might cause risks in future construction work or maintenance. It will then be included into the Safety File by the PSDP. Completing design certificates is a way of recording agreement with these duties and keeping record of different stages throughout the design process. This ensure the safety of works carried out at different stages, besides help in design examination and communication of design assumptions between various designers. Other method can also be used as an alternative for communication, record and verification of information related to the project. This will help the PSDP to fulfil his or her co-ordination role, and will also demonstrate the designers compliance with the legislation. It is recommended that a permanent works designer should complete a permanent works design certificate with respect to the adequacy, in the context of safety and health, of their design. A permanent works designer is recommended to complete a permanent works design certificate related to the adequacy, in line with safety and health, of their design. Temporary works designers and contractors should locate their temporary works design according to the assumptions made in loadings and construction sequence. The temporary works designer is recommended to complete a temporary works design certificate in order to supply sufficient information to all parties and ensure the structure can be built safely. Completed forms are handed over to the PSDP for verification in coordinating various designers. The forms are passed to the PSCS and other relevant person afterwards. Designer Co-operation Under the Regulation 15(2), designer is required to cooperate with the project supervisors for both design process and construction stage as well as other designers, to allow them to comply with these Regulations. This can be done in terms of supplying relevant information, attending meetings or reviewing designs in order to improve the features of safety and health on site. Besides, designers ought to supply information for the PSDP to compose a Safety File. The information provided include details about plants or materials specified in the building, design assumptions, and relative calculations for the functioning, maintenance, and possible extension of the building. Designers should also determine demolition risks to the PSDP for inclusion in the Safety and Health File, these include: substantial stored energy sources, including pre- or post-tensioned members stability demands; adjustments that altered the original structure Complying with Directions According to Regulation 15(c), designers should agree with all commands from the project supervisor for both design process and construction stage, which are expressed as stated in Regulation 14 or 20, when applicable. It is possible for the PSDP or PSCS to request any designer to achieve Designers duties, so that the Project Supervisor may accomplish own duties under Construction Regulations 2006. Designers have to fulfil any reasonable requests from the PSDP or PSCS, including issues related to General Principles of Prevention or coordinating design activities among different designers. However, it is not reasonable for designers to comply with directions that they not capable of doing, or not related and controlled by them, or legally constrained from doing. If a designer failed to carry out a direction from project supervisor, the project supervisor must issue the direction in written form. When PSDP considers the designer failed to complete a confirmed written direction, they need to inform the Health and Safety Authority, Client and the person who failed to comply with the direction, by including a copy of the written direction and relevant response from the person in accordance with the direction. Once the Health and Safety Authority carry out investigation, it usually determines whether the parties involved have complied with their legal duties, before any enforcement actions are taken. The Authority will not conduct any negotiation or judgement between the parties. When an investigation commences, a designer or Project Supervisor may express any additional responses to the instruction so that consideration is given to all relevant sides in the matter. Detailed Provision of information Under Regulation 15(3), a designer has to provide relevant information in written form to project supervisor immediately when working on design of a project. This information is: hazards to the safety, health and welfare of workers related to the project, including those stated in Schedule 1 to the Regulations The significant risks are: dangerous or flammable substances involved in the design (epoxy grouts, fungicidal paints, isocyanates materials) particular problems and solutions structures that affect accessibility huge, heavy or cumbersome prefabricated objects which are difficult and risky to handle works that cannot be achieved by normal methods of tying scaffolds aspects of design and sequences of constructing or disassembling that need to be noticeable at the design stage and significant to work safely unusual stability approaches includes the type and areas to be covered by the project to allow project supervisor complies with the Regulations relevant details for project supervisor to include in the safety file aware by the designer and the safe construction of design for the project Information given should be limited to project. In the context of structural stability, design is based on: particular erection or construction sequence setting up and removal of false work, interim propping or formwork as well as the arrangement loading restrictions during construction if contractor is not aware of the factors, designers (temporary or permanent works, specialist designers) should inform the PSCS, PSDP and contractors, to ensure construction proceeds safely according to the design intent If a structure became unstable due to certain reason, the temporary works to ensure stability during the construction, alteration, or demolition of any part of the structure will be the pertinent information. Other relevant designers should be informed as well in order for them to take appropriate measures in their design to accommodate safety, health and welfare. Making Clients Aware of their Duties Under Regulation 15(4), designers should provide information to a contractor if there is no appointed project supervisor for the project according to the Regulation 15(3). Regarding to the duties of Client, a Client has no legal obligation to assign Project Supervisors in some circumstances. In this context, a designer has to provide information required under Regulation 15(3) to the appropriate contractor. According to Regulation 15(5), designers should immediately inform the client of the clients duties under Regulation 6 when they are not aware of the appointment of project supervisor in design process. Does any other Legislation Apply? Any other duty-holders who responsible to oversee a work place have to ensure the preservation of the safety, health and welfare of workers at working site, as well as others who affected by the on-going work on site. Designers may have other responsibilities besides those stated in the Construction Regulations. Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 and other related legal provisions will also apply. Section 17 (2) of the Act also requires a designer of construction work to ensure that the project: is designed and qualified to be constructed safely without risking ones health can be maintained safely without risking ones health when in use obeys all respects, as appropriate, of the relevant statutory provisions.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Parents and relatives, brothers and sisters, faculty and administration, you all have come here tonight to see the 2006 Johnson High School graduating class. Thank you for your attendance. You have been there for us and will be there for us in the future. Thank you. Fellow classmates, we have arrived! The class of 2006 is graduating. We started as little freshmen and have grown into the rulers of Johnson High as seniors. We have endured so much. There were the peaks and valleys, the ups and the downs, but the classes continued and we kept attending. There was pain, agony, heartbreak, new district standards, tragedy, defeat and failure. These have taken their tolls and there were casualties. We started with 550-plus as freshmen and are down to around 200 as seniors. But with all the changes, one stands out the most. No, it is not the Culminating Exhibition. It is the scandalous gas prices. When we were freshmen, the gas prices reached a low 90 cents a gallon!!! But of course, we were freshmen and not driving yet. But now that we are seniors, we have to drive almost everywhere. We drive to work, to school, to hang out with our friends and even to EHS activities. Then we have to drive back! Now that we are driving so much, the gas prices are $1.50 a gallon. I say it is a conspiracy. First the scholarly paper, then the CE project and finally the gas prices. Enough is enough, people. However, I do see a bright future for our class. I know that at least a few of us will come back to Johnson High and teach. But many of us will become successful businessmen and women, making the huge fortunes. We'll most likely have a few congressmen and possibly another great senator. I was not born a Seagull like most of you were. I was at first a Bulldog, then a Scottie. I thought I was going to be a Kamiakin Brave but I came to Johnson High to become a Seagull.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

How WW1 Changed British Literature Essay -- essays research papers

World War One began on July 28, 1914 and ended with the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918. The war cost a total of one hundred eighty-six billion dollars. The total casualties of the war were thirty-seven million, with another eleven million civilian casualties. The British Empire alone lost over three million people in the war. (English) World War One effected the whole world- the heartache and bloodshed changed politics, economics, and public opinion. This war changed people's lives, but it also changes their way of thinking and their way of writing. After World War One British literature was changed from simple stories to a more realistic and meaningful approach to life. Nineteenth century England is what most historians call the Victorian age, which is how British literature got started. It was during the Victorian age that people began to learn how to read and write. â€Å"In 1837 about half of the adult male population could read and write; by the end of the century, literacy was almost universal.† (Abrams) The novel became the most popular form of literature during this time period in England. â€Å"Victorian novels seek to represent a large and comprehensive social world, with the variety of classes and social settings that constitute a community.† (Abrams) The authors of these novels tried to make the reader feel like the characters and the events that take place in the novel seem so realistic that they could see it happening in real life. The novels were written about concerns, or issues, that the everyday person went through. The novels usually dealt with experiences with the relationship in the middle-class or inter-class relationships. Life during the Victorian age is explained in The Norton Anthology as, â€Å"a society where the material conditions of life indicate social position, where money defines opportunity, where social class enforces a powerful sense of stratification, yet where chances for class mobility exist.† (Abrams) Victorian novels usually were focused on a persons struggle to find his or herself in the cruel world of social classes. These types of novels were often written during the Victorian age, in fact Charles Dickens wrote a novel called Great Expectations in 1861, which dealt with a boy named Pip and how he finds his place in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many good writers during that time period. Charles Dickens, Thomas H... ...uesome poetry came from Owen and Sassoon, who were actually, interestingly enough, bedmates at a hospital during the war. The reason their poetry was so unbelievably moving was the fact that both of them were in the war and they saw the mayhem firsthand. (Wilfred) â€Å"An officer in World War One, he [Sassoon] expressed his conviction of the brutality and waste of war in grim, forceful, realistic verse.† (Siegfred) These two poets alone changed British literature, but they couldn’t have done that without World War One and the pain and suffering, which all people felt. A world war and a depression can put any one down, but what the writer of the twentieth century did was turn that anger, that hate around into realistic, hard-hitting writing. No one likes to remember World War One and the killing that went on, however people always want to talk about the writings of Virginia Woolf, D. H. Lawrence and H. G. Wells. These writers were so successful at what they did because they wrote down on paper what everyone was feeling in the world, whether it was anger or sorrow. Even though World War One was a gruesome event it caused people to question their opinions and made for great literature.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 29

Someone was trying to make her drink out of a glass. Elena's sense of smell was so acute that she could taste what was in the glass already – Black Magic wine. And she didn't want that! No! She spat it out. They couldn't make her drink. â€Å"Mon enfant, it is for your own good. Now, drink it.† Elena turned her head away. She felt the darkness and the hurricane rushing up to take her. Yes. That was better. Why wouldn't they leave her alone? In the very deepest trenches of communication, a little boy was with her in the dark. She remembered him, but not his name. She held out her arms and he came into them and it seemed that his chains were lighter than they had been†¦when? Before. That was all she could remember. Are you all right? she whispered to the child. Down here, deep in the heart of communion, a whisper was a shout. Don't cry. No tears, he begged her, but the words reminded her of something she couldn't bear to think of, and she put her fingers to his lips, gently silencing him. Too loud, a voice from Outside came rumbling in. â€Å"So, mon enfant, you have decided to become un vampire encore une fois.† Is that what is happening? she whispered to the child. Am I dying again? To become a vampire? I don't know! the child cried. I don't know anything. He's angry. I'm afraid. Sage won't hurt you, she promised. He's already a vampire, and your friend. Not Sage†¦ Then who are you afraid of? If you die again, I'll be wrapped in chains all over. The child showed her a pitiable picture of himself covered by coil after coil of heavy chains. In his mouth, gagging him. Pinning his arms to his sides and his legs to the ball. Moreover, the chains were spiked so that everywhere they dug into the child's soft flesh, blood flowed. Who would do such a thing? Elena cried. I'll make him wish he'd never been born. Tell me who's going to do this! The child's face was sad and perplexed. I will, he said sadly. He will. He/I. Damon. Because we'll have killed you. But if it's not his fault†¦ We have to. We have to. But maybe I'll die, the doctor says†¦ There was a definite lilt of hope in the last sentence. It decided Elena. If Damon was not thinking clearly, then maybe she wasn't thinking clearly, she reasoned out slowly. Maybe†¦maybe she should do what Sage wanted. And Dr. Meggar. She could discern his voice as if through a thick fog. † – sake, you've been working all night. Give someone else a chance.† Yes†¦all night. Elena had not wanted to wake up again, and she had a powerful will. â€Å"Maybe switch sides?† someone – a girl – a young girl – was suggesting. Little in voice, but strong-willed, too. Bonnie. â€Å"Elena†¦It's Meredith. Can you feel me holding your hand?† A pause, then very much louder, excitedly, â€Å"Hey, she squeezed my hand! Did you see? Sage, tell Damon to get in here quick.† Drifting†¦ â€Å"†¦drink a little more, Elena? I know, I know, you're sick of it. But drink un peu for my sake, will you?† Drifting†¦ â€Å"Trs bon, mon enfant! Maintenant, what about a little milk? Damon believes you can stay human if you drink some milk.† Elena had two thoughts about this. One was that if she drank any more of anything, she might explode. Another was that she wasn't going to make any foolish promises. She tried to speak but it came out in a thread of a whisper. â€Å"Tell Damon – I won't come up unless he lets the little boy free.† â€Å"Who? What little boy?† â€Å"Elena, sweetie, all the little boys on this estate are free.† Meredith: â€Å"Why not let her tell him?† Dr. Meggar: â€Å"Elena, Damon is right here on the couch. You've both been very sick, but you're going to be fine. Here, Elena, we can move the examination table so you can talk to him. There, it's done.† Elena tried to open her eyes, but everything was ferociously bright. She took a breath and tried again. Still much too bright. And she didn't know how to dim her vision anymore. She spoke with her eyes shut to the presence she felt in front of her: I can't leave him alone again. Especially if you're going to load him with chains and gag him. Elena, Damon said shakily, I haven't led a good life. But I haven't kept slaves before, I swear. Ask anyone. And I wouldn't do that to a child. You have, and I know his name. And I know that all he's made of is gentleness, and kindness, and good nature†¦and fear. The low rumble of Sage's voice, â€Å"†¦agitating her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the slightly louder murmur of Damon's: â€Å"I know she's off her head, but I'd still like to know the name of this little boy I'm supposed to have done this to. How does that agitate her?† More rumbling, then: â€Å"But can't I just ask her? At least I can clear my name of these charges.† Then, out loud: â€Å"Elena? Can you tell me what child I'm supposed to have tortured like this?† She was so tired. But she answered aloud, whispering, â€Å"His name is Damon, of course.† And Meredith's own exhausted whisper, â€Å"Oh, my God. She was willing to die for a metaphor.†

Monday, September 16, 2019

Planned Parenthood Essay

Planned parenthood is a luxury to the new generation. When our parents had children, it was not a decision; it was a moral â€Å"duty† to society. To further analyze the individual factors of planned parenthood you must draw on the larger religious, social, and economic factors that guide your individual decisions (Mills, 1959). If one considers the broad social factors that shape, influence, and allow individual choices, you are using what C. Wright Mill’s called the Sociological Imagination (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). The insight provided by the Sociological Imagination brings new understanding to this particular event, the planning of parenthood. The choice to bare children was never a topic for conversation in past generations. Religion as an institution had greater influence than it does in modern society. Families of the past were expected to follow religious teaching and were manipulated by the sociological expectations of the family definition. Birth control and abortion were â€Å"taboo† and social norms demonstrated the influence of religion in society. Nowadays abortion clinics are common ground and â€Å"the pill† is the topic in high school settings. Due to today’s norms, most people are not following the old religious standards of â€Å"go forth and multiply†; they have new wants and desires. Religious beliefs that were the core of cultural values became second to scientific research and renovation. The focus of society shifted from the unknown and unexplained to the known and scientifically proven. Technology and medicine modernized sociological institutions; what was â€Å"taboo† became the social norm. The possibility of genetic testing, the development of the birth control pill, and government legislation of â€Å"pro-choice† allow individuals to have choices on parenthood. Technology, which we cannot control as individuals, creates individualism, free will, and personal disclosure from what was once considered a social â€Å"duty† or basic â€Å"human nature.† Social roles of men and women have a deep impact on personal decisions as well. Society expected men and women to get married, have children, and live a healthy life as husband and wife. Parenthood was not an option; it was a task in fulfilling your â€Å"social role† (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). Men were â€Å"bread winners† and women â€Å"house makers† united by the family  institution. The role of men was to provide the family with comfortable living resources and protect them from harm. They were rough, tough, and above all, had the education to succeed in the workforce. Women were the heart of the family, the nurtures, the caregivers, the mothers and wives. They were neglected the educational resources needed to succeed in the workforce and the bare thought of a working mother was absurd. Now, with the high standards of family life, women are likely to work in order to provide additional family income. Economically, a child is a large strain on finances. This has a large impact on the decision to bear a child. In the past, large families were normal because children were also providers of income; therefore, a large family meant economic security. The family worked to fulfill family needs not family wants. Working-class families did not have the economic opportunity of extra disposable income; they did not have â€Å"luxuries†. The foundation of the family was hard work and unity. Women worked hard in the kitchen, men in the field, and children with household tasks. Parenthood was not an option; it was an extra source of income and survival. Social structures have given way to personal choice. Planned parenthood is the result of structural renovation. One can now sit down and discuss the meaning of being a parent without feeling society’s pressure to have a child. The Sociological Imagination enables us to â€Å"grasp at the relationship between our lives as individuals and the larger forces that help shape them† (Appelbaum, 2001). It is the interplay of larger social forces that shape the choices individuals make. The decision to bare a child is the result of social-historical renovation that provides us with the notion that we have some control over our fate. Planned parenthood is now an individual choice, not a sociological expectation.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

How Does Peer Pressure Affect Decision Making Essay

Axel Blaze (ShÃ… «ya GÃ… enji) is the ace striker and voice of reason of the team. His sister, Yuka is in a coma because of Kageyama’s interference to stop him from play against Teikoku Academy. He keeps an amulet made by his sister, and makes a promise with her to stop playing soccer, but when he sees that his passion for the game is strong, he changes that promise to become the champion of the Soccer Frontier. Later, Yuka wakes up from a coma, and he began to play soccer more freely with his teammates. Goenji joins up with the others to play against teams around the world. He becomes close friends with Endou, Fubuki, and Kido as the story progresses. Killer Shots * Fire Tornado Spins in mid-air, showing fire coming from his feet, then kicks the ball in mid-air. * Dragon Tornado: the combination of Axel’s Fire Tornado and Kevin’s Dragon Crash. * Inazuma Drop: Jump high then use the other player as a stepping stone to jump once more then kick the ball in high mid-air. This move was used to give Raimon a 1-0 win against Wild Junior High * Inazuma No.1:Both Mark and Axel kick the ball towards the goal. Was first used in the match against Brainwash Middle High. * Fire Rooster: Kicks the ball up high with Nathan then kicks the ball with Nathan in mid-air releasing six fire wings. * Inazuma No.1 Drop: The Inazuma Drop adding Mark as one of the kickers. * Final Tornado: Combination of Tri-Phoenix and Fire Tornado.This was only used against Zeus Eleven. This move is also called Tri-Phoenix X. * Bakunetsu Storm:The technique that Axel develop when Aliea Academy arc and this technique debut when Inazuma caravan vs Epsilon Remastered * Twin Boost: A move first used by Jude and Eric. Jude kicks the ball to Eric then Eric kick the ball back to Jude for the final kick. A more powerful version of the Twin Boost was used by Jude and Axel. Jude kicks the ball upward then Axel uses Fire Tornado to pass the ball to Jude for the final kick. This is sometimes called Double Boost. * Bakunetsu Screw:The technique that Axel develop during the fight with Australia’s Big Wave team. It is the evolution of the Bakunetsu Storm with a added spin to the ball. * Tiger Storm: The technique Gouenji and Toramaru created by using Tiger Drive followed up by Bakunetsu Storm. * Grandfire: This technique is used by Gouenji, Toramaru and Kiyama. This was used to topple Argentia’s The Empire impenetrable defense. * Grand Fire Ignition: The ball is kicked by Gouenji, Toramaru and Kiyama. This technique is the evolution of Grand Fire with a more intense flame on the ball.