The Ottoman Empire Facts and Map

Marketing Mix - 1544 Words

The term marketing mix was first used in the late 1940s by Neil H. Borden (NetMBA, 2007). The original marketing mix introduced by Borden consisted of product, planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. Later E. Jerome McCarthy grouped the parts into the four P’s of marketing known as product, place, price and promotion (NetMBA, 2007). â€Å"A typical marketing mix includes some product, offered at a price, with some promotion to tell potential customers about the product, and a way to reach the customer’s place (Perreault McCarthy, 2004, p.36). The parts of the marketing mix are considered to be the†¦show more content†¦The internet has made it easier to establish direct sales for companies who may not have had direct sales access in the past. Other forms of direct sales are mail order sales and door to door sales. Whole Foods Market obtains its products from places all over the world. The food is brought in from organic farmers and food artisans. Once the food reaches the stores, it is warehoused on site and sold directly to the consumers of the target market. The delivery of the products to the consumers is done through direct sales at the stores. The stores are located in markets where consumers’ interests are in organic and healthy food choices. Whole Foods Market gains access to the products it sells through â€Å"†¦the careful judgment of buyers throughout the company† (Whole Foods Market, 2007, para. 2). Whole Foods Market is a strong advocate of organic farming and purchases many products directly from the organic farmers (Whole Foods Market, 2007). The third factor of the marketing mix is price. â€Å"Price setting must consider the kind of competition in the target market and the cost of the whole marketing mix†¦and must also try to estimate customer reactio n to possible prices† (Perreault McCarthy, 2004, p.40). When setting prices, the company must be able to recoup any expenses involved with the product as well as set a price that consumers are willing to pay. Price also consists of strategy decision areasShow MoreRelatedHolden Marketing Mix1768 Words   |  8 PagesAssessment 2 Marketing mix Review and Recommendations Report My brand is V6 Holden Commodore Short review about Holden in Australia;- The history of Holden dates back to 1856 when it started as a saddler business in South Australia. Today Holden is one of only seven fully-integrated global General Motors operations that designs, builds and sells vehicles for Australia and the world. Holden has its headquarters in Port Melbourne, with an engine manufacturing plant on-site and vehicle manufacturingRead MoreMarketing Mix1491 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Mix MKT 421 Marketing Introduction Companies today try their best to continue to keep up with the changes of services, products and technology. Companies rely on their abilities in marketing to keep consumers interested in their products and services. The success of a company may rely on the company’s marketing performance. Marketing planning starts by thinking of the targeted audience needs, strategies, and the development of the products and or service needed. DevelopingRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Hard Rock Cafe1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Marketing Mix Place The marketing mix consists in total of 4 elements (Product,Price, Place, Promotion) which are often referred to as ‘the four Ps’. One of those four Ps is â€Å"Place†: Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel through which goods and/or services are moved from the manufacturer/service provider to the user or consumer. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. In ourRead MoreMarketing Mix For The Evergreen Aquatic Centre2118 Words   |  9 Pages Assessment Task 2: Project-Determine the marketing mix Marketing Mix The marketing mix for the Evergreen Aquatic Centre will engage the four elements of marketing as follows: Product or Facility Recipients of the facility Evergreen Forest is a small community encompassing just under 1010 square miles. The estimated current population is 11010. Evergreen Aquatic Centre offers internationally recognised state of the art aquatic facilities to suit every person’s demands. Going from proficient practiceRead MoreMarketing Mix and Pestle Analysis of Mcdonalds in India3095 Words   |  13 Pagespolicies and rule according to the situation in the respective country of operation have helped in their success and thus making the customers â€Å"LOVING IT† Marketing Mix and Strategic decision making of McDonald    In this section we will discuss the marketing mix of Mc Donald and the strategies adopted by the company to counter the competition.    Marketing can be explained as the process in which a product or service is developed and then the price is calculated after evaluating all the related aspectsRead MoreMkt421 Marketing Mix1094 Words   |  5 Pagesof Phoenix MKT421 - Marketing Mix The marketing mix is comprised of four basic marketing strategies. The four strategies, which include product, place, price, and promotion, involve the decisions that a business must make to succeed. The marketing mix is reliant on how clear and defined the business’ target market is and how well the company directs the strategies towards its targeted market (Glenco McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition). This paper will further define marketing mix, the four strategiesRead MoreMarketing Mix Essays2988 Words   |  12 PagesThe Channels of Distribution The products and the services are distributed electronically, where the costumers can buy online on the website or in stores located across Australia. 5 – Braaap’s potencial customer base and key pressure Before marketing your products and services it is important to define your customer base or target market. Braaap’s clients are people who love motorcycles whatever if it is professionally or just a sport on free time. There is a huge difference of ages between theRead MoreGeneric Marketing : Determine The Marketing Mix Essay1771 Words   |  8 Pages– 2935 Generic Marketing – Determine the Marketing mix Name – Pritpal Singh ID Number – A8947 SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Pritpal Singh A8947 ER - 1.1 (a) The elements of the marketing mix adopted by theRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Gionee Smartphones1204 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing Mix Analysis of Gionee Smartphones Kashyap Pd. Marahatta BUS 510 Marketing Management Professor: Dr. Geraldine Goodstone Mr. Krishna Khanal Westcliff University 25/09/2016 â€Æ' Abstract This paper intends to briefly analyze the marketing mix of Gionee smartphones. Despite the many changes that marketing mix has gone through, from four Ps to four As or from four Ps to four Cs, the marketing mix basically consists of product mix, price mix, promotion mix and place mix. This paper wouldRead MoreMarketing Mix - 4Ps of Marketing Mix1219 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing mix can be describes as the use and specification of the 4 Ps describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace†¦ A prominent person to take centre stage was E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960; he proposed a four-P classification which was popularized. (wikipedia.com) The marketing mix approach to marketing is a model of creating and implementing market strategies. The marketing mix stresses the mixing of different factors in a way that both organizational and consumer or target

Blood and Thunder Indians and Manifest Destiny Free Essays

Perhaps the most striking part of Blood and Thunder is the famed and fabled Kit Carson himself. He begins the book as a duty-driven youth who is able to kill anyone or anything without a sense of remorse, likely because of his experiences with the harshness of life as a child. However, once he begins to have a family—a real family, one he raises and takes care of and looks after—he begins to shift. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood and Thunder: Indians and Manifest Destiny or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carson begins to balk at some killings, even going so far as to decry the killing of indian warriors at Carleton’s order. Whether it was the need to take care of his family or the need to find peace in the face of his increasingly failing healthy, Carson provides a look at the changes a man can undergo over the course of his life. He starts as one man, filled with certain ideals and desires, and over the course of his life, his goals and priorities shift. His sense of duty that was instilled in him from his childhood days fails him in his older age, leading him to increasingly attempt to leave behind the front lines and seek solace at home. This shift in character seems odd when the book is merely skimmed; however, the book structures Carson’s life in a way that provides clear understanding of the changes. This was not an abrupt shift, nor was it a conscious one. This change, rather, came as a result of the overall human need to adjust, to shift with the changes that life presented. This change makes Carson truly feel like a â€Å"real person,† someone who isn’t merely a character from a book. It makes Carson human, and thus served to catch my attention. The second part of Blood and Thunder that caught my attention was the conflict between the American mentality and the mentality of the Native Americans who already lived in the area. As is noted throughout the book, the Native Americans could not understand the point behind many of the â€Å"white† traditions that men like Carleton tried to impress upon them. The â€Å"white† ways had no resonance with the Native Americans because everything differed between them. The concept of â€Å"ownership† of the land meant nothing to the Native Americans because they saw themselves as stewards, caretakers of the land. The concept of Christianity meant nothing to Native Americans because they came from a rich, diverse, usually polytheistic religion that held nothing that mixed with Christianity. The concept of a single spokesperson for an entire race of Native Americans (i. e. for the entire people [Navajo, Ute, Kiowa, etc. ]) broke the tradition of having spokespeople from many tribes forming a council for the people. This imposition of mentalities on Native Americans caused at least some of the breakdown in communication; however, there were some aspects that the Native Americans chose to learn and accept in order to deal with the white men. Showing their ability for change, the Navajos elect Barboncito, at the end of the book in the epilogue, to serve as their spokesperson to Gen. Sherman. This collaboration between the Navajo need for the separate tribes and the white men’s need for a single person to deal with led to the eloquent plea to Sherman that ended with the Navajo returning to their home lands. How to cite Blood and Thunder: Indians and Manifest Destiny, Papers

Different Types of Love in Romeo and Juliet free essay sample

The theme of love is predominant throughout the entirety of ‘Romeo and Juliet’. Many forms of love are incorporated throughout the play and displayed through the relationships of different characters. Romantic love between Romeo and Juliet is contrasted by a sensual perception of love in the play, while themes of familial love and friendship are discussed with regards to the superficial and unrequited love Romeo experienced with Rosaline. The theme of superficial love is firstly discussed through Romeo’s unreciprocated affections for Rosaline.After being approached by Benvolio to find out the cause of his grievances, Romeo reveals that ‘(he does) love a woman’ but ‘she will not stay the siege of loving terms’ and reciprocate his feelings for her. ‘With tears augmenting the fresh morning’s dew’, Romeo mopes over Rosaline’s decline of his romantic advances towards her for she ‘hath forsworn to love’. He only emphasizes on her physical attractiveness through the repetition of the word ‘beauty’ but does not delve further to appreciate Rosaline as a person. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Types of Love in Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Romeo harbours a superficial infatuation for Rosaline because ‘she is rich in beauty’ and thus fancies only her physical appearances, but is insincere in getting to know Rosaline despite proclaiming his ‘love’ for her. Another superficial implication of love lies in Lady Capulet’s disposition of love through appearance and as a materialistic property. In convincing Juliet to marry Paris, she speaks favourably of ‘young Paris’ face’ and finds ‘delight writ there with beauty’s pen’.She wishes for Juliet to marry Paris solely for his looks since her believe of love reaps from appearance and is without regards to emotion. When speaking to Juliet about ‘(liking) of Paris’ love’, she declares that ‘by having him’, Juliet ‘shall share all that he doth possess’ and derive possession from marriage. Lady Capulet implies that marriage will secure material possession and benefit s for Juliet, like ‘that in gold clasps locks in the golden story’. She emphasizes on the materialistic wealth marriage will bring but gives little thought about other aspects of love in marriage.Lady Capulet equates love to physical appearances and harbours a superficial idea of love since she only expects to reap materialistic assertion through marriage. Yet another type of love represented in the play is the strong bonds of friendship between Benvolio and Mercutio with Romeo. Benvolio was the first to find out the cause of Romeo’s sadness and urged Romeo to ‘forget to think of (Rosaline)’ and to ‘examine other beauties’ in order for Romeo to recover from his emotional despair. At Romeo’s refusal to forget about Rosaline, Benvolio commits that ‘(he’ll) pay that doctrine, or else die in debt’.He genuinely cares about Romeo’s well-being and is sincere about helping him, even if it means sacrificing his life in the process. In Romeo’s time of melancholy, Benvolio offered advice to Romeo in an attempt to distract him from his infatuation with Rosaline. He makes a painstaking and devoted effort of convincing Romeo to think otherwise of Rosaline’s beauty and is determined to ‘make (Romeo) think thy swan a crow’. He goes as far as endeavouring to change Romeo’s beliefs in rendering his help because he feels that it is the best way to help Romeo.Benvolio has a pragmatic and heartfelt intention in offering his help and support to Romeo and willingly makes sacrifices for him as a thoughtful friend. The love and support bridged in Romeo and Benvolio’s friendship proves itself in Romeo’s sadness through the unbridled support Benvolio offers him. Another instance of friendship in the play lies between Romeo and Mercutio. Unlike Benvolio that tries to console Romeo into forgetting about Rosaline, Mercutio adopts his humorous and practical approach towards love to make Romeo feel better.He is frustrated at Romeo’s depression and scorns Romeo’s mannerisms, advising Romeo to ‘prick l ove for pricking’ and ‘beat love down’. Mercutio tries to make Romeo forget about Rosaline and regain his enthusiasm for love by encouraging and reminding Romeo to become the more powerful force of love. He attempts to make Romeo feel better by calling for Romeo in a joking manner, ‘Romeo! Humours! Madman! Passion! Lover! ’, to lighten the spirit and remove Romeo’s depression through his puns. His display of care and friendship is further expressed when he says ‘my invocation is fair and honest, in his mistress’ name’.As a friend, Mercutio shows his concern for Romeo and disapproves of Romeo’s pursuit or Juliet because of the trouble it will bring Romeo’s family. Despite being bitingly cynical, Mercutio bears Romeo’s well-being in mind in his attempts to comfort Romeo. Both Benvolio and Mercutio try to help Romeo forget about Rosaline and render their support in Romeo’s time of unhappiness. The friendly concern and support between Romeo, Benvolio and Merc utio establishes a clear affirmation of friendship as a type of love in the play. The most evident type of love in Romeo and Juliet is the romantic relationship between the 2 protagonists. An intense passion sprung at Romeo’s first sight of Juliet and he was taken-aback by her beauty, claiming Juliet’s ‘beauty too rich to use, for Earth too dear’. The repetition of ‘too’ emphasizes on Romeo being overwhelmed by Juliet’s beauty and is only capable of noticing her, for her beauty is ‘as a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear’. With romantic love, nothing is more beautiful to Romeo than Juliet.He falls for Juliet instantly and humbles himself before her ‘with (his) unworthiest hand’. In the romantic love between Romeo and Juliet, they both idolize one another by referring to each other with a religious vocabulary. To Romeo, Juliet is a ‘holy shrine’ and ‘dear saint’, while Romeo is the ‘god’ of Juliet’s ‘idolatry’. Love is likened to religion and it is of their nature and instinct to devoutly sentimentalize each other to be greater than themselves. Romeo feels that it is only natural like ‘it is the east and Juliet is the sun’.Juliet laments, ‘wherefore art thou Romeo’ and threatens to ‘no longer be a Capulet’ in a profession of her love and sacrifice for Romeo. She chastise that their family name ‘is nor hand nor foot nor arm nor face, nor any other part belonging to a man’. Romeo and Juliet’s romantic love for each other goes beyond name and reputation and their true love transcends societal branding. Juliet views that true love should not be anchored by their family’s feuds and is driven to defy the entire social world in pursuit if Romeo. With love’s light wings’, Romeo climbed the high orchard walls ‘for stony limits cannot hold love out’, suggesting a metaphorical implication that true love is st ronger and more powerful than physical obstructions and triumphs all odds.

Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Essay Example

Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Essay Introduction Germany is a state with amazing diverseness with one of the richest historical heritage in the universe. standing out as one of the tourer attractive force characteristics. Germany is the most centrally placed in Europe among all the European states. It has a history of a disconnected state holding distinguishable provinces and folks. For this ground. Germany more that any other European state bears different names depending on the linguistic communication used. For illustration it is called Deutschland within Germany ; in French it is called ‘Allemagne’ and ‘Niemcy’ in Polish. ( Country profile ) We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On October 3rd1990. Western Germany was unified with the German Democratic Republic. The leaving criterions in the latter could non process those 1s of the former ; it has been a major challenge to make this because of the built-in industrial endeavor inefficiencies that characterized the German Democratic Republic. Another major factor that has posed challenges include the trouble in East Germany of deciding belongings ownership and the deficiency of substructure and the environmental debasement that occurred during the Communist regulation. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) The radical force particularly from the political right that is normally witnessed in East Germany is ever related to the economic uncertainness in this part. Most times the force is directed towards aliens and in peculiar non-Europeans. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Politicss Germany is considered to be a Federal. Parliamentary. and representative democratic Republic. The ‘Grundgestz’ or the Basic Law is the model that was laid down in 1949 that guides the German political system up to today. For any amendments to take topographic point in the Grundgestz. a two-thirds bulk in Parliament is required. ( Country profile ) The Chancellor heads the Government and the place is presently held by Angela Merkel and she exercises executive powers that are similar to a Prime Minister’s. Parliament that consists of the Bundestag and Bundesrat ( Federal Council ) is vested with Federal legislative Powers. Members of the Bundestag are elected straight and members in the Bundesrat represent the authoritiess of the 16 provinces. These members are appointed by the province cabinet. which possesses the power to take them any clip. ( Country profile ) The Christian Democratic Party Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany are the ruling parties since 1949. However there’s being of other smaller parties. which include the Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/ The Greens ( Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union ) . The President of Germany besides doubles up as the Head of State and is usually elected by the Federal Convention ( Bundesversammlung ) . which is the establishment made up of members of the Bundestage and some members of the State delegate. The President of the Bundestag is the 2nd highest functionary and the Bundestag itself elects him/her. His/her duties include the overseeing of the body’s day-to-day Sessionss. The Chancellor on the other manus doubles up as the caput of Government and is the 3rd highest functionary who is nominated by the Germany President and so is elected by the Bundestag. A constructive gesture of no assurance by the Bundestag is what is necessary to take the Chancellor. ( Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union ) Economy In Europe. Germany’s National Economy is the largest. It is ranked the 3rd largest in the universe by nominal GDP. but ranked fifth in respects to gross domestic merchandise. As per 2006 statistics. the mean growing stands at 2. 8 % per annum. Germany has been renowned universe over since the industrial age as one of the best motor pioneers and has greatly benefited from the globalized universe economic system. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) One of its major drivers of its export economic system is the hallmark â€Å"Made in Germany. † which the universe has continuously associated with sturdiness and lastingness. This has turned out the state to be the world’s top exporter with the export figures as at 2006 standing at $ 1. 133 trillion bring forthing a trade excess of about ˆ165 billion. 70 % of its entire GDP is generated by the service sector with 29. 1 % contributed by the industrial sector and agribusiness falling behind with about 0. 9 % . ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Germany’s cars. machinery. metals. and chemical goods contribute greatly to the export portfolio. In solar and wind turbine engineering. Germany leads the universe ( Global Wind Energy Market ) . Amongst its most popular trade names include Siemens. Mercedes Benz. BMW. Audi. Volkswagen. Porsche. and Nivea among others. Germany uses the common market currency the Euro and the state stands out as a major advocator for the European Union. Society ( People and Culture ) The bulk German population is made up dwellers of cultural Germans and over 7 million aliens. Majority of the aliens are made up of the so called â€Å"guest workers† who were largely Turkish workers. who in the 1950s and 60s were invited to make full in for the labour deficits. Germany therefore has rather a good figure of cultural Turks. Many political and economic refugees from the universe over particularly the underdeveloped universe choose Germany as a premier finish. ( Country profile ) Germany self-praises of holding one of the world’s highest degrees of instruction with keen technological promotion coupled with an matchless economic productiveness. University registration has steadily risen and has more than tripled since World War II ; the trade and proficient schools that are sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany back up the universities. The bulk of the population is made up of the in-between category with a per capita income standing at $ 28. 700. this is combined with a comprehensive societal public assistance system that caters for the cosmopolitan medical attention and unemployment attention besides other societal demands. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Culturally Germany is normally called â€Å"the land of poets and thinkers† ( Wasser J. 2006 ) . Religious and secular currents that have taken topographic point in Europe for a long clip have continuously shaped the German civilization. One of the most celebrated German classical music composers is Ludwig Van Beethoven ( Wasser J. 2006 ) . Geography The geographics of Germany is rich and diverse ranging from the high Alps in the South. the Bavarian field. and the fluxing hills of cardinal Germany to the seashore of the North and Baltic Sea. This makes the country’s countryside scenery worth sing. â€Å"it all expressions like a illumination train landscape packed with the nicest of old towns. medieval houses. Gothic churches and little small towns ; its alien! † ( Country profile ) Global Position Germany has continued to play a really of import function in the formation and the continued strengthening of the European Union and has continued to cultivate a really close relationship with France. One of Germany’s closest Alliess has been the U. S. whose aid was rather priceless during the 1948 Marshall Plan to reconstruct Germany after World War II. Neckties with America have gone to other countries like trade where a more balanced trade relationship has continued to boom. ( Country profile ) Mentions Berghahn. Volker Rolf. ( 1987 ) Modern Germany: Society. Economy. and Politics in the 20ThursdayCentury. 2d erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from U. S. Library of Congress: . Global Wind Energy Market 2006-2011. Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from World Wide Web. windtech-international. com: Wasser. Jeremy. ( 2006 ) Spatzle Westerns Spiegel Online International: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 State profile: Germany: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1047864. short-term memory:

A Fool Knows Best Essay

A Fool Knows Best Essay A Fool Knows Best Essay Nicholas Lipinski Mr. Lauchlan World Literature 28 October 2012 A Fool Knows Best It seems very unlikely that a gravedigger, with no education or sense of knowledge, would have an effect on an intelligent prince. It also seems highly unlikely that a half-dug grave containing skulls, bones, and rotting decay would provide William Shakespeare a perfect opportunity to employ comedy in Hamlet. However, Shakespeare has taken hold of this opportunity to provide a discussion full of jest, remarkable word-play, and clever humor. Using these thematic elements, he forces Hamlet to question â€Å"his inability to recognize how a major way of knowing restricts both his love and his philosophy† (Hunt 141). In other words, Hamlet becomes aware that man is truly the very â€Å"quintessence of dust† (Shakespeare 103) and no matter if the man be a great king or simple peasant, all return to nothing. The comedic value of the gravedigger becomes apparent before he and Prince Hamlet even speak. He sings while digging and Shakespeare’s audience i s in the same state of surprise as Hamlet. â€Å"Has this fellow no feeling of his business?† (Shakespeare 243). The digger seems to have no sense of his work but still eventually gains the respect from Hamlet with his ready tongue and wit. In a humorous dialogue between the two, they discuss what exactly lies in the grave: HAMLET: What man dost thou dig it for? GRAVEDIGGER: For no man, sir. HAMLET: What woman then? GRAVEDIGGER: For none neither. HAMLET: Who is to be buried in't? GRAVEDIGGER: One that was a woman sir, but, rest her soul, she's dead. (Shakespeare 247) The gravedigger, unlike Hamlet, does not see the skulls and bones of the dead the same persons who they once belonged too. Ophelia is no longer a woman; in fact she is dead. The gravedigger has something Hamlet does not; â€Å"his view of experience is truly decorous. He is able to isolate joys and beloved individuals in their own times, not insisting that a past experience be unnaturally superimposed upon the p resent† (Hunt 143). Hamlet wishes death was non-existent and he finds it depressing whereas the gravedigger can acknowledge it with humor. Hamlet cannot accept the natural process until he actually holds a skull in his hand and examines â€Å"what a piece of work [that] is a man† (Shakespeare 101). Hamlet takes the skull of Yorick and examines it, and at this turning point, begins to oppose the play's initial premise of human imperfection. He cannot yet sing while grave-making like the gravedigger, but now the â€Å"custom hath made it in him a property of easiness† (Shakespeare 243). Hamlet’s belief that man is nothing turns to something real. â€Å"He can trace the dust of a world-conqueror until he finds it stopping a bung-hole and without considering a jot too curiously† (Reno 110). The fact that Yorick, someone who played a prominent role in young Hamlet’s life, is now a pile of decay in the dirt has a profound effect on Hamlet. He could be looking at two skulls, one Alexander’s, the world-conqueror, and the other Yorick’s, and he would not be able to tell the difference. All return to nothing. This concept of nothing is very apparent in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.† This short story studies the inevitability of death and how there are always two contrasting views present. One view on life is hurried and impatient; not understanding of others. The second view is the opposite. It is patient and wise; knowing that death is near. The elder waiter is a practitioner of the second viewpoint as he reprimands the younger waiter for his rush. â€Å"What is an hour?† asks the older waiter (Hemingway 98). To the elder waiter, time is not important. Time is nothing. Death is the only thing to be certain of. This brings the discussion back to the graveyard where the digger uses time as his ally. Hamlet asks, â€Å"How long is it since [you became a

Critically assess the relevance of self-esteem to achieve a Essay

Critically assess the relevance of self-esteem to achieve a consistently high performance in sport - Essay Example While this may seem easy for some, for most it is a matter of time and practice. Gaining sufficient self-esteem or self confidence normally takes months or years to develop; and this is in general compounded by achievements and fame that separates an individual from his contemporaries or peers. Although some might say that destiny or fate has something to do with having self-esteem, the actual truth is that athletes who excel in their chosen skills have a very supportive group in the person of their respective coaches and family (parents). In relation to the universal theory, self-esteem is likewise perceived from the expectancy value theory that best describes motivation or stimulus as the main result of a person’s personal principle about his or her actions and the importance they place on the consequence of such actions (Pajares, 1996). To make it simpler, the expectancy value theory regarding self-esteem is that an individual performs an action because he or she has a reas on for doing this. As such the result or outcome of the actions which an individual does is anticipated by the doer making it quite valuable and desirable. Hence the drive or motivation is a factor considered by most as the core behind why particular actions or deeds are sometime carried out. In connection to sports, athletes do their best to constantly perform to perfection or always aim to win in a game. The reason or core behind such motivation is that they will eventually achieve self-esteem by being proud of their performance since everybody who has seen them win their game or achieve a high score will praise them, making them adequately confident that they will win the next game again against their rivals or opponents. In most cases, having experiences in sports generally boosts self-esteem. These experiences often have an impact on the psychological and emotional aspects of athletes since sports does not only mean playing the game, but having social interactions with coaches, teammates, sport officials and parents (Health Promotion, 2008). Hence, self-esteem in addition to its theoretical definition is generally defined as the feeling of having self-respect and confidence. Undeniably, when one feels good about himself or herself, he or she is able to perform well and cope up with the stresses of having to win or lose after a game. Being able to deal with winning or losing in sports can have the positive effects: 1) reduced anxiety, 2) an optimistic perception of life, 3) deal with societal pressures, 4) avoid engaging in drugs, and 5) have lesser interpersonal dilemmas (Health Promotion, 2008). However, athletes or children active in sports who possess a pessimistic or negative self-esteem will usually end up engaging in drugs, have eating disorders, are bullied socially and are often depressed (Health Promotion, 2008). The coaches and parents as mentioned earlier play a vital role in the lives of individuals (children or young athletes) who are regular ly engage in sport activities. These people can help improve sports performance since they provide support and encouragement for the development of a skill and help build a positive social perception. A coach-athlete relationship requires shared respect that will aid in the development

Altar Cross, 12th century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Altar Cross, 12th century - Research Paper Example The history of Altar Cross is associated with the Abbey of Bury Saint Edmunds. The Altar Cross is the only handy item of religious significance which contains brief historic record and expression of the followers. The five pieces of walrus tusk integrate to form Altar Cross which contains ninety-two figures and ninety-eight inscriptions. The inscriptions on the Altar Cross revealed the hatred shared by Jews against Jesus; this cross contains certain statements and inscriptions against Jesus. The historic facts indicate that strong resentment which prevailed among the dwellers in England, and is evidence of the anti-Semitism in the English society. The origin of this cross is with the time frame of 12th century, because it was in 13th century when the Jewish were expelled from England. The Altar Cross was reunited with the central plague in fourteenth-century. A group of historian believe that Altar Cross has Catalan or Aragonese origin. The paintings of the few Italians in the period of Medieval and Renaissance confirmed the existence of the crosses in the churches. These crosses were installed in the churches as mark of respect for Jesus. The Altar Cross has been â€Å"installed upon pedestal in the centre of the altar" (Benson, 2003); this position is regarded because of its supreme importance. The cross is widely popular among the followers, and is regarded as "simple in design and inexpensive, or most elaborate and valuable" (Benson, 2003). The Altar Cross depicts the history of Christianity, and the brutality experienced by the Christians under Jewish command. Christianity has remained victim of desolation, terror, abuse and anguish; the Altar Cross is the symbolic representation of all these acts of violence faced by Christians and validates the vigour, zeal and courage with which the community fought and emerged victorious. The inexpensive Altar Cross is made of "wood, brass, bronze, copper and pewter" (George, 2003). However with

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Strategic Planning - Essay Example Tesco has been successful in expanding the growth of its business through entering into joint venture with other large retail companies all over the world. (Leahy, 2007: 41) As of 2008, the company was able to establish a total of 12 international businesses which serves the market of Hungary, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, Central Europe, Czech Republic, Poland, and the United States among others. (Leahy, 2007: 42 – 43; Couch, 2006; Wilson, 2005) In early part of 2007, the company entered into a joint venture with Tin Cao who owns a little more than 50 Hymall-branded hypermarkets. (Hawkes, 2008; China Daily, 2008; Baijia, 2007) Tesco’s joint venture in China is known as the ‘Happy Shopper Hymall.’ The company was able to increase its sales by 13% to  £7.6 billion in 2006. (Times Online, 2006) In line with the success behind Tesco China, its top management believes that the said strategic move will enable the company to serve a more lucrative market in Shanghai, China. With regards to Tesco’s current expansion in the Chinese market, the researcher will seek to identify and evaluate the key stakeholders of the joint venture between Tesco and Tin Cao. Eventually, the impact of the joint venture agreement in terms of its competitive position in the chinese market will be discussed thoroughly. Based on the past retailing experiences of Tesco in the UK market, the researcher will make use of the PESTLE as well as the opportunities and threat analysis model as part of determining and examining the potential external factors that could significantly affect the business expansion of Tesco in China. Prior to the conclusion, the identified value adding activities that may contribute to the success of Tesco in China will be highlighted. Aside from the employee of Tesco Group, Tin Cao owned Hymall-branded hypermarkets and

Causes of Conflict in DRC

Causes of Conflict in DRC INVESTIGATING THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) Location of the D R Congo Background The Congo is situated at the heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa. DR Congo borders the Central African Republic and Sudan on the North; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi on the East; Zambia and Angola on the South; the Republic of the Congo on the West; and is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika on the East. The country enjoys access to the ocean through a 40-kilometre (25 mile) stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda and the roughly nine-kilometer wide mouth of the Congo river which opens into the Gulf of Guinea. The country straddles the Equator, with one-third to the North and two-thirds to the South. The size of Congo, 2,345,408square kilometers (905,567sqmi), is slightly greater than the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the third largest country (by area) in Africa. In order to distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is often referred to as DR Congo, DRC, or RDC, or is called Congo-Kinshasa after the capital Kinshasa (in contrast to Congo-Brazzaville for its neighbour). The name Congo refers to the river Congo, also known as the river Zaire. (The river name Congo is related to the name of the Bakongo ethnic group). As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. The most numerous people are the Kongo, Luba, and Mongo. Although seven hundred local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by widespread use of French and intermediary languages such as Kongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala. The Congo is the worlds largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. It has significant deposits of tantalum, which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country, but, to date, mining has been on a small scale. Katanga Mining Limited, a London-based company, owns the Luilu Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company restarted copper production in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008. The United Nations 2007 estimated the population at 62.6 million people, having increased rapidly despite the war from 46.7 million in 1997. Currently the Head of State is President Joseph Kabila (October 2006-) and Head of government is Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga (December 2006-). Provinces and territories Formerly the country was divided into eleven provinces, Kinshasa, Province Orientale, Kasaà ¯ Oriental, Kasaà ¯ Occidental, Maniema, Katanga, Sud-Kivu, Nord-Kivu, Bas-Congo, Équateur and Bandundu. However, the constitution approved in 2005 divided the country into 26 fairly autonomous provinces, including the capital, Kinshasa to be formed by 18 February 2009. These are subdivided into 192 territories. Provinces and their Capital Cities Province Capital 1. Kinshasa Kinshasa 2. Kongo central Matadi 3. Kwango Kenge 4. Kwilu Kikwit 5. Mai-Ndombe Inongo 6. Kasaà ¯ Luebo 7. Lulua Kananga 8. Kasaà ¯ oriental Mbuji-Mayi 9. Lomami Kabinda 10. Sankuru Lodja 11. Maniema Kindu 12. Sud-Kivu Bukavu 13. Nord-Kivu Goma Province Capital 14. Ituri Bunia 15. Haut-Uele Isiro 16. Tshopo Kisangani 17. Bas-Uele Buta 18. Nord-Ubangi Gbadolite 19. Mongala Lisala 20. Sud-Ubangi Gemena 21. Équateur Mbandaka 22. Tshuapa Boende 23. Tanganyika Kalemie 24. Haut-Lomami Kamina 25. Lualaba Kolwezi 26. Haut-Katanga Lubumbashi History of the DR Congo Conflict The state of DR Congo emerged from brutal colonial history. From 1880s, Belgian King Leopold II used territory as personal kingdom, exploiting vast natural resources through indigenous forced labour. Leopold transferred control of â€Å"Congo Free State† to Belgian government 1908. After upsurge of nationalist sentiment and parliamentary elections May 1960, Belgium accepted independence June 1960. Within two weeks, country faced nationwide army mutiny and secessionist movements in Katanga and southern Kasai. Cold War interests fuelled tensions, with U.S. fearing Congos break-up and Soviet inroads. Power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and PM Patrice Lumumba intensified when Lumumba used army to brutally (but unsuccessfully) suppress Kasaian rebellion and appealed for Soviet support. Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba, who was later arrested and 1961 assassinated with Belgian complicity. UN troops began disarming Katangan rebels August 1961 but situation deteriorated into sporadic conflict between UN and Katangan forces. Head of breakaway Katanga Moise Tshombe forced out 1963, returning as Congos prime minister 1964. Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu ousted Kasavubu and Tshombe in 1965 and began thirty-two year rule. In 1971-2 he changed the countrys name to Zaire. Mobutu systematically used countrys mineral wealth to consolidate power, co-opt rivals and enrich himself and allies through patronage. Following the end of Cold War, cessation of international aid and internal pressure to democratise pushed him to reinstate multiparty politics in 1991, but Mobutu manipulated agreement to retain power. Mobutu was finally ousted in May 1997 by rebellion under Laurent Kabilas leadership, backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Second war The Second Congo War, also known as Africas World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire), and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power (though hostilities continue to this day). The largest war in modern African history, it directly involved eight African nations, as well as about 25armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5.4million people, mostly from disease and starvation, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries. War sparked again in August 1998 when Kabila moved to purge Rwandans from government. Rwandan troops backing Congolese Tutsi rebels invaded. Kabila called on Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia for help. It is estimated that 4 million people died in during this conflict between 1998-2004, mostly from war-related diseases and starvation. A Lusaka ceasefire signed July 1999 and UN Security Council peacekeeping mission (MONUC) was authorised in 2000. Laurent Kabila was assassinated January 2001 and replaced by son Joseph. Peace negotiations resulted in Rwandan and Ugandan withdrawal in late 2002, but proxies remained. In December 2002, all Congolese belligerents and political groups signed peace deal in Sun City, South Africa, ushering in transitional government June 2003 in which Kabila shared power with four vice-presidents. However, conflict in Ituri, North Kivu, South Kivu and Katanga provinces continued. Rebel groups, including former Rwandan-backed Tutsi and Hutu militias (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) being largest), continued to fight for land and resources. Violence in north eastern Ituri halted 2003 after three-month French-led emergency mission under EU authority, after UN failed to contain clashes. Deaths and displacements led UN to describe Eastern Congo as â€Å"worlds worst humanitarian crisis† March 2005. Following DRC government request International Criminal Court (ICC) investigate crimes from June 2002 throughout DRC, ICC Prosecutor opened investigation into crimes in Ituri June 2004. Government and MONUC security efforts, undermined by lack of progress in establishing integrated national army, reinvigorated September 2004 by force expansion from 10,800 to 16,700 and more aggressive mandate. From March 2005, MONUC often participated in joint operations with integrated national army. But despite significant demobilisation, many rebel groups still active 2006. Uganda rebel group Lords Resistance Army (LRA) settled in north east late 2005, reigniting tensions: Kampala threatened to pursue LRA into Congo, while Kinshasa suspected Uganda sought access to resources in east. International Court of Justice 2005 found Ugandan army committed human rights abuses and illegally exploited Congolese natural resources. New constitution introducing president/prime minister power sharing and two-term presidential limit was adopted 13 May 2005 and approved by referendum 18 December. After delays, national assembly and first-round presidential elections held 30 July 2006. Violent clashes erupted in Kinshasa between Kabila and opposition MLC leader Jean-Pierre Bemba supporters when neither gained majority in first-round votes. Kabila took presidency in 29 October second round (58 per cent of vote), and his alliance won majority in national and provincial assemblies. Elections considered by outside observers to be relatively free and fair, ushering in first truly democratic government 40 years. Kabila government faces substantial challenges, including an abusive and ill-disciplined national army (FARDC), corrupt public administration, and lack of infrastructure and basic services. Advances in Ituri remain precarious, with slow progress on militia disarmament and reintegration and lack of transparent natural resource management. Security further deteriorated in North Kivu, where the national army and dissidents under command of General Laurent Nkunda (CNDP, National Congress for the Defence of the People Nkundas political movement, unveiled July 2006) resumed fighting from late November 2006, displacing up to 400,000 in years since. Signing of Nairobi Agreement November 2007 and Goma â€Å"Actes dEngagement† January 2008 were welcomed. The Former provided for repatriation of FDLR and latter for ceasefire and voluntary demobilisation of combatants in east, to be implemented through â€Å"Amani† peace program. Success depends on will of militias to disengage, continued funding for the Amani program and improved relations between Kigali and Kinshasa over handling of FDLR. But despite some initial signs of Nkundas readiness to disengage, serious clashes between CNDP and FARDC continued, while June 2008 brought heavy FDLR attacks on civilian camps in North Kivu. Political pluralism has shrunk, with opposition virtually excluded from governorships despite performance in 2006 elections, recurrent use of force against Bembas supporters, and death of over 100 civilians in March 2008 brutal police crackdown on political-cultural movement Bundu dia Kongo in Bas-Congo. The ICC has issued five arrest warrants for DRC leaders and four are in ICC custody three militia leaders charged with crimes in Ituri, and Bemba who was arrested May 2008 for atrocity crimes committed 2002-2003 in neighbouring CARs civil war and transferred to The Hague 4 June 2008. Nkunda resisted hand over of fifth suspect, CNDP chief of staff Bosco Ntaganda, wanted for Ituri crimes. But credibility and future of ICC investigations under question after judges suspended first trial, of UPC militia leader Thomas Lubanga in June 2008 over prosecutions non-disclosure of potentially exculpatory evidence. Recent-Current situation in Congo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A deal concluded between Kabila and rebel commander Laurent Nkunda providing for the integration of Nkundas troops into the armed forces known as mixage collapsed in 2007 amid opposition from hardliners on both sides. Kabilas aides attacked him over perceived preferential treatment given to Tutsis in army integration, drawing on public outcry over massive human rights violations caused in Nkundas operations against the FDLR to undermine the deals legitimacy. Nkundas Goma-based Tutsi backers, afraid of losing everything acquired during the war, threatened to pull their support. The mixage process and its collapse left Nkunda militarily strengthened and removed a viable alternative to continued struggle. After frequent clashes in the first half of 2008, violence again engulfed the region from late August, when Nkundas CNDP rebels launched a fresh offensive on army bases and areas under the formal protection of UN troops. After significant advances and the collapse of the FARDC in the region, the CNDP took control of Rutshuru town in late October, moved to the outskirts of the regional capital Goma and consolidated their hold over the surrounding region. For a short time, UN peacekeeping troops (MONUC) found themselves the last protection against Nkundas advances on Goma. A 29 October ceasefire soon faltered, and clashes continued throughout November (2008). Partially due to an intense diplomatic effort, Nkunda put on hold his offensive on the city, while still continuing and consolidating advances in other areas. International and regional diplomatic efforts commenced from late October, 2008. An EU mission led by the French and British foreign ministers arrived in Congo and Rwanda on 31 October, while African leaders joined by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon met at an emergency summit of the African Union, calling for immediate adherence to the 29 October ceasefire. The UN Security Councils decision to appoint a special envoy former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo added welcome focus and commitment to mediation. International leaders met in Nairobi on 7 November (2008) and called for the immediate implementation of the Goma and Nairobi agreements, establishing a facilitation team composed of Obasanjo and former Tanzanian President Mkapa. The new mediators met with key players over November, securing Nkundas commitment to a ceasefire in the middle of the month, although clashes erupted again shortly afterwards. In February 2009, Rwanda arrested Nkunda though it has not yet handed him o ver. Recent developments also underscored the fragility of the situation in Ituri. October 2008 saw fresh clashes between government and rebel forces as well as a series of brutal attacks and abductions reportedly by Ugandan Lords Resistance Army rebels. Causes of the Congo conflict Leopold and Belgium colonial occupation Like most African nations, the problems in Congo in the recent past have their tap root in the colonial activities by mainly European nations. The Congo possessed an uncharacteristic wealth that made it the desire of many European countries (Lusignan: 2004). It had an abundance of natural resources such as cooper, gold, diamonds, rubber, cobalt, among others that made it the desire of many trading corporations and companies. At the Berlin Conference in 1885, King Leopold was granted to the exclusive right to privately exploit the Congo.  Ã‚   Once in the Congo, Leopold devised an economic system in which the Congo was sectioned into different areas leased to different European corporations that paid Leopold 50 percent of the extracted wealth. Lusigan (2004) writes that Leopold entered the Congo under the cloak and faà §ade of a humanitarian by making hollow promises detailing his intentions to improve the quality of life in the Congo.   He promised to build schools, homes, and to liberate the Congolese people from Arab slave traders.   But under the rule of Leopold, very little was done to improve the well being of the citizens, and instead a regime was instituted that operated solely through force of might.   People were tortured and forced to sign treaties that according to Leopold â€Å"†¦must grant us everything† (Hochschild 71), which included the rights to all land and resources therein.   Thus for a 20 year period, Leopold was able to operate with impunity, and in the process 10 million people were murdered.  Ã‚   During his reign, women and children were brutally raped and murdered and treated like animals. â€Å"They were fed-and slept-in the royal stables.†(Hochschild 176)   They were even hunted like animals for fun and for sport.   Limb amputation was a joy of many Belgium soldiers; hands, heads, and other body were severed for not only proof of kill, but for the cannibalis tic needs of these Belgium soldier.   Even the homes of some Belgium officers were lined with the skulls of the Congolese people for decoration.  Ã‚   Many more died from starvation and exhaustion resulting from the inhumane living conditions present in the Congo. After King Leopold relinquished his position in the Congo, the Belgium parliament assumed legal control of the country, but the trading corporations and companies of Belgium and other European countries continued to dominate the course of events in the Congo. â€Å"The one major goal not achieved, he (Morel) acknowledged, was African ownership of land.† (Hochschild 273)  Ã‚   The Congos wealth of natural resources had always been the main attraction of Belgium, and with Leopold removed, the corporations were given more control and influence over the economy in the Congo.   The United Mines of Upper Katanga (UMHK) was founded shortly after Leopolds reign ended and for the next fifty years, this corporation exercised the greatest influence and control over the economy and the resources with the Congo.   It â€Å"controlled about 70 percent of the economy of the Belgian Congoand controlled the exploitation of cobalt, copper, tin uranium and zinc in mines which were among t he richest in the world.†( Hochschild 31) During this time period, the Congo was one the worlds largest copper-producing countries and the â€Å"cobalt extraction in Katanga represented 75 percent of the entire world production.† (Hochschild 31) In June of 1960, the Congo was granted independence, which threatened the future of European economic control of this profitable source of revenue. The United Nations granted independence to the Congo because of pressure from the worldwide anti-colonial movement that touched Africa in the 1950s. But shortly after the Congos independence, Belgium immediately sent troops to the country in order to protect Katanga, the city in the Congo that possessed a wealth of resources and was the primary export site for these corporations.  Ã‚   With this military presence, the corporations continued their production in the city, and surprisingly, production even increased in the year of independence.   This military presence remained in the Congo for years, thus showing the Congolese people were never truly granted â€Å"independence†.  Ã‚   The entitlement complex of Belgium is further revealed here because Belgium believed that they possessed personal ownership of the land in the Congo, and that the citizens of the Congo did not warrant independence.   Belgium regarded the citizens of the Congo as an inferior people who lacked civilization; they believed that the occupation was justified. This denial of own land and resources, injustice, brutal acts and all other in human acts by Leopold and the Belgians groomed anger, resentment, feelings of discontent among the citizens of Congo that was later to be manifested in counter resistances and civil wars against any one who seemed to portray similar acts and policies, hence, conflicts in the Congo.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Assassination of Patrice Lumumba The emergence of an independent Congo on June 30, 1960 marked the beginning of a new era of colonialism by the Western powers.   On this day, Patrice Lumumba became Prime Minister of the Congo, and in six months he would be assassinated. He was an extraordinary politician, motivator, and visionary, and one of the most influential figures throughout Africa during his term.   He is now enshrined as an historical figure against the fight of injustice because of his outspokenness against the colonization of Africa by European powers (Lusigan: 2004). Lumumba came to power at a time in which the anti-colonial movement was most intense worldwide; this propelled his general regard as a worldwide leader of this movement. The period â€Å"†¦from 1960 to 1965, was the Wests ultimate attempt to destroy the continents authentic independent development.† (Kanza xxv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before serving as Prime Minister, Lumumba was the president of the National Congolese Movement, a party formally constituted in 1958.   He was an ambitious man and envisioned a promising future for the Congo; a future void of European involvement and one in which the Congolese people had absolute power. He was already a prominent figure in the political scene within the Congo, having amassed a following through his writings and speeches advocating sovereignty and the fight against European injustice.   Lumumba eventually became prime minister through democratic elections, but his government only lasted for a very difficult period of two months during which time Belgium launched many attempts to reoccupy and subvert the independence movement. Patrice Lumumba represented a formidable opponent against the colonization forces in Africa. By advocating sovereignty and de-colonization in Africa, he represented everything that the Western powers feared. He was a man capable of affecting change throughout not only the Congo, but across Africa by promoting a self-sustained economy that was entirely independent from the European nations. He opposed the forces of colonialism throughout Africa. The riches of the Congo and the presence of Lumumbas movement could not be allowed to co-exist in the view of the United States and European political and business interests. Lumumba eventually became the victim of a coup funded primarily by the United States and Belgium, under the protection of the United Nations.   Although the United States and Belgium were the primary opponents of Lumumba, they were acting on behalf of European countries throughout the world because Lumumba personified the anti-colonial movement that everyone feared. They feared Lumumba not simply because he was a man that represented the anti-colonial movement, but because he was an African man that had become too powerful and had the potential to gain the loyalty and attention of his people and focus their goals on true independence and real control of their own resources. â€Å"The Congo crisis is due to just one man, Patrice Lumumba† (Hochschild 49) He had the potential to change the entire social structure of Africa and possessed the ability to affect change throughout the world by promoting democracy and equality.   Probably if Lumumba had lived a little longer, he would have organized and united the nation to avoid the conflicts that have characterized the country ever since time memorial. Poor Centralized governance of mobutu (dictatorship and exploitation of resources) For the next thirty years following the death of Lumumba, the Congo was the victim of a centralized government with the majority of the power concentrated in one man, General Mobutu, who was an instrumental Congolese collaborator with the Western interests in promoting the coup leading to the assassination of Lumumba. Kaplan (1979) notes that Mobutu created a rigidly centralized administration reminiscent of Belgian rule, topped by a single authority figure that he claimed to be in the African political tradition.   Governing by decree, his words literally were law.   His power was absolute, anchored in a constitution of his own inspiration that made him head of the legislative, executive, and judiciary This was not the type of free democratic society that Lumumba had envisioned, but instead one that still allowed many European nations to exercise the authority and influence that Lumumba vehemently opposed. The United States gave him well over a billion dollars in civilian and military aid during the three decades of his rule; European powers- especially France-contributed more (Hochschild 303)/   Mobutu did little to improve the quality of life of his citizens, and instead exploited his own citizens for his material and economic gain. Even after independence, the Congo was still the economic colony of Europe that existed under the control of Belgium. The European and American corporations and investments were still intact with Mobutu in control.   The Congo was now operating as a puppet government in which the United States used Mobutu to affect both economic and political decisions in an effort to stabilize its investments and operations in the country.   It estimated that a t the end of his reign, he was of the worlds wealthiest men; â€Å"his personal peak was estimated at $4 billion.† (Hochschild 303)   And very little of his fortune went to the people of the Congo. One will therefore be short sighted not to blame Mobutu for the conflicted Congo. He did his best to disorganize and disintegrate the countrys internal economic and political structures and systems that laid ground for what was termed as the â€Å"Africas World War†. His puppetism to western countries only resurrected and reminded the Congolese of the harsh, brutal and inhuman rule of Leopold and the Belgians which escalated the anger among the citizens. Mobutu can further be solely held responsible for the greed and mismanagement of natural resources for selfish needs among the Congolese today, he set a bad example. Ethnic differences One of the most sensitive areas of social life in Africa is the problem of cultural pluralism, which usually rears its ugly face in inter-ethnic relations International conflicts and civil wars, these are not simply products of failed diplomacy or policies of aggression. Virtually they all have roots in endemic cultural features of nations (Aluko: 2003). Patterns of languages, religious beliefs and legal institutions form as much a part of the environment enveloping nations have been tales of woes, anguish, sorrows, deprivations, sadness in most of the member states. Many nations of the continent such as Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone, and even many nations of the great lakes region of the central Africa have been in turmoil due to ethnic related reasons. Political instability, economic and social disequilibrium became rampant in countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and the two Congos. Most ethnic conflicts have a background of domination, injustice or oppression by one ethnic group or another. The tremendous psychological pressure on human populations from political change creates a sense of anxiety that frequently makes people seek refuge in belief systems that involve definitions of membership and belonging. In Sudan, Garang charged that civil war erupted largely because Hassan Turabi, the power behind Khartoums government, wanted to impose Sharia, or Islamic law throughout Sudan. The other factor relates to resources and economics. At the simplest level, the struggle to survive can spawn or deepen ethnic problem. The more limited the resources the greater the danger of ethnic problem. For a range of reasons not necessarily bad or intentionally divisive, ethnic groups are also often positioned differently in an economy. Again, change can accentuate differences, triggering hostility or drastic action. The legacy of Colonialism did not do any better. The problems of most colonial nations of Africa are direct products of their colonial experience. The problems had been created by colonialism in different ways, especially by the indiscriminate merger of various ethnic groups to become monolithic entities, and at the same time treated the units as separate entities and allowed each to develop in whatever direction it chose in isolation from others (Nnoli, 1980. Dare 1986 and Young, 1998). This was the trend in virtually all the Anglophone countries of the sub-Sahar an Africa and some Francophone countries too. Colonialism also created structural imbalances within the colonies in terms of socioeconomic projects, social development and establishment of administrative centres. This imbalance deepened antipathies between ethnic groups. In Nigeria, the South achieved a higher level of social development than the North. Similarly, the Baganda advanced farther than the other Uganda ethnic groups, the Chagga and Haya were ahead of the other Tanzanian groups, the Kikuyu, Ashanti and Bemba made more rapid â€Å"progress† than the other Kenyan, Ghanaian and Zambian ethnic groups respectively. In fact, inter-ethnic relations in Kenya have been characterized by the hostility of all the other groups to the Kikuyu. Today, many nations of the sub-Saharan Africa are in one turmoil, violence or civil disorder of one kind or the other largely originating from the ethnic problem. Such countries include Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Congolese people are made up of around 200 separate ethnic groups. These ethnic groups generally are concentrated regionally and speak distinct languages. There is no majority ethnic group some of the largest ethnic groups are the Luba, Kongo and Anamongo. The various ethnic groups speak many different languages but only four indigenous languages have official status Kiswahili, Lingala, Kikongo and Tshiluba. French is the language of government, commerce and education. Societal discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widely practiced by members of virtually all ethnic groups and is evident in private hiring and buying patterns and in patterns of de facto ethnic segregation in some cities (GS: 2000-9). The ongoing conflict in the Eastern part of DR Congo has often been explained as be

Beach Burial Essay -- essays research papers

AWARENESS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY ORAL EXAMINATION Softly and Humbly to the Gulf of Arabs,The convoys of dead sailors come; At night they sway and wander in the waters far under,But morning rolls them in the foam. Between the sob and clubbing of the gunfire Someone, it seems, has time for this,To pluck them from the shallows and bury them in burrows And tread the sand upon their nakedness;And each cross, the driven stake of tidewood,Bears the last signature of men,Written with such perplexity, with such bewildered pity,The words choke as they begin – "Unknown seaman" – the ghostly pencil Wavers and fades, the purple drips, The breath of the wet season has washed their inscriptions As blue as drowned men’s lips, Dead seamen, gone in search of the same landfall,Whether as enemies they fought, Or fought with us, or neither; the sand joins them together,Enlisted on the other front. El Alamein. Although not blatantly obvious at first, Kenneth Slessor’s emotive and poignant poem Beach burial is a poem concerned with raising the awareness of national identity. Now I found this hard to believe at first – For me to be able to use this poem, (as it has been my one of my favourites for years) I though that for it to have ANYTHING to do with national identity I would have had to use my creative ability to dissect and warp aspects of the poem that COULD have something to do with national identity if the poet had actually CHOSEN to write about national identity. Basically a lot of windbagging- and as much I was looking forward to see how great my powers of persuasion were I finally realised that they wouldn’t be necessary. I realised that even though Slessor’s Beach Burial doesn’t ramble on about the Australian lifestyles and the Australian landscapes, It is a poem solely based on the importance of national identity†¦ heck- it doesn’t e ven mention the word ‘Australia’ in it! But what Slessor is trying to say here doesn’t refer just to the Australian identity it refers to the importance of every countries national identity and, in the long run, the unimportance of it. To give you a bit of a background, Kenneth Slessor was an eminent Australian Journalist for a great part of his life, and because of this, When World War 2 came around he was chosen be Australia’s official war correspondent. He was to report on the Australian act... ...d in this poem have been from both sides of the war. The bodies were floating alongside enemies and allies, yet from the beginning of the poem Slessor made them all equal in death. As I pointed out earlier this can be seen in his reference to the dead sailors as convoys; groups of dead men that were travelling together with the same personified feelings and actions. World War 2 was, is in its simplest form, one nation against another nation, fighting for land, fighting to increase their national identity. For the expansion of their own national identity, humans were willing to kill other human beings. Just because of different national identities, the soldiers treated the enemy inhumanely. "the sand joins them together, Enlisted on the other front" The land for which they fought, joins them together in death, the reference to ‘enlisted on the other front is an eloquent metaphor for the sailors deaths. They are now enlisted into the world of the dead, just as they enlisted to join the navy. It is ironic that these men, so proud and patriotic of their national identity, have lost not only the record of which country they were serving but also their own identity.

Examine The Sociological Views

There have been many changes in society that have affected children over the last 50 years, however there are several different sociological views on whether these changes have been beneficial to children or not. Functionalist sociologists have the ‘march of progress’ view, as they believe that the experience of childhood has massively improved over the last 50 years. They believe that society is more child-centred today than ever before.The introduction of contraception has led to couples having smaller families, therefore meaning that children now tend to receive more attention from their parents. Similarly, parents are also able to care for their children better due to the introduction of the welfare state and child benefits. Climbie’s case and ‘Every Child Matters’ has led to the improvement of social services and child protection, meaning childhood is much safer now than it was 50 years ago.Children are also in better health due to the NHS, meani ng more children survive childhood now than ever before. All children can now receive state education up until the age of 18, meaning they are better educated and can achieve much higher in adulthood, whilst experiencing a longer period of youth. All of these changes have improved the experience of childhood and cause Functionalists to believe that things are getting better. However, Marxist and Feminist sociologists disagree, claiming that the march of progress view is too positive.They believe that a child’s experience of childhood depends on their class, ethnicity and gender, and that Functionalists overlook the inequalities between these factors. This is called the ‘conflict’ view. Class has an effect on childhood as generally if a family is poor, the children are more likely to have a poor upbringing. Ethnicity is found to have an effect as Asian parents have been found to be much stricter on their kids.

The History of Gillette and Schick Razors

The History of Gillette and Schick Razors Men have been slaves to their facial hair  pretty much since they first walked upright. A couple of inventors have made the process of trimming it or getting rid of it entirely  easier over the years and their razors and shavers are still widely used today. Gillette  Razors Enter the Market Patent No. 775,134 was granted to King C. Gillette for a â€Å"safety razor† on November 15, 1904. Gillette was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin in 1855 and became a traveling salesman to support himself after his family’s home was destroyed in the Chicago Fire of 1871. His work led him to William Painter, the inventor of the disposable Crown Cork bottle cap. Painter told Gillette that a successful invention was one that was purchased over and over again by satisfied customers. Gillette took this advice to heart. After several years of considering and rejecting a number of possible inventions, Gillette suddenly had a brilliant idea while shaving one morning. An entirely new razor flashed in his mind- one with a safe, inexpensive and disposable blade. American men would no longer have to regularly send their razors out for sharpening. They could toss out their old blades and reapply new ones. Gillette’s invention would also fit neatly in the hand, minimizing cuts and nicks. It was a stroke of genius, but it took another six years for Gillette’s idea to come to  fruition. Technical experts told Gillette that it was impossible to produce steel that was hard enough, thin enough and inexpensive enough for the commercial development of a disposable razor blade. That was until MIT graduate William Nickerson agreed to try his hand at it in 1901, and two years later, he had succeeded. Production of the Gillette safety razor and blade began when the Gillette Safety Razor Company started their operations in South Boston. Over time, sales grew steadily. The U.S. government issued Gillette safety razors to the entire armed forces during World War I and over three million razors and 32 million blades were put into military hands. By the end of the war, an entire nation was converted to the Gillette  safety razor. In the 1970s, Gillette began sponsoring international sporting events  such as the Gillette Cricket Cup, the FIFA World Cup, and Formula One racing. Schick  Razors   It was an inventive U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel named Jacob Schick who first conceived of the electric razor that initially bore his name. Colonel Schick patented the first such razor on November 1928 after deciding that a dry shave was the way to go. So the Magazine Repeating Razor Company was born. Schick subsequently sold his interest in the company to American Chain and Cable, which continued to sell the razor until 1945. In 1935, ACC introduced the Schick Injector Razor, an idea in which Schick held the patent.  The Eversharp Company ultimately bought the rights to the razor in 1946. The Magazine Repeating Razor Company would become the Schick Safety Razor Company and use the same razor concept to launch a similar product for women in 1947. Teflon-coated stainless steel blades were later introduced in 1963 for a smoother shave. As part of the arrangement, Eversharp slid its own name onto the product, sometimes in conjunction with the Schick logo.

The History of the US and Cuba - Complex Relations

The History of the US and Cuba - Complex Relations The US and Cuba marked the beginning of their 52nd year of broken relations in 2011. While the collapse of Soviet-style Communism in 1991 ushered in more open relations with Cuba, the arrest and trial in Cuba of USAID worker Alan Gross strained them once again. Background: Cuban and American Relations In the 19th Century, when Cuba was still a colony of Spain, many southern Americans wanted to annex the island as a state to increase American slave territory. In the 1890s, while Spain was attempting to suppress a Cuban nationalist rebellion, the United States intervened on the premise of correcting Spanish human rights abuses. In truth, American neo-imperialism fueled American interests as it sought to create a European-style empire of its own. The United States also bristled when a Spanish scorched earth tactic against nationalist guerrillas burned out several American interests. The United States began the Spanish-American War in April 1898, and by the middle of July had defeated Spain. Cuban nationalists believed they had achieved independence, but the United States had other ideas. Not until 1902 did the United States grant Cuban independence, and then only after Cuba had agreed to the Platt Amendment, which roped Cuba into Americas sphere of economic influence. The amendment stipulated that Cuba could not transfer land to any foreign power except the United States; that it could not acquire any foreign debt without U.S. approval; and it would allow American intervention in Cuban affairs whenever the U.S. thought it necessary. To speed their own independence, Cubans added the amendment to their constitution. Cuba operated under the Platt Amendment until 1934 when the United States rescinded it under the Treaty of Relations. The treaty was part of Franklin D. Roosevelts Good Neighbor Policy, which attempted to foster better American relations with Latin American countries and keep them out of the influence of rising Fascist states. The treaty retained American rental of Guantanamo Bay naval base. Castros Communist Revolution In 1959 Fidel Castro and Che Guevara led the Cuban communist revolution to overthrow President Fulgencio Batistas regime. Castros ascent to power froze relations with the United States. The United States policy toward Communism was containment and it quickly severed ties with Cuba and embargoed trade the island. Cold War Tension In 1961 the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) orchestrated a failed attempt by Cuban emigres to invade Cuba and topple Castro. That mission ended in a debacle at the Bay of Pigs. Castro increasingly sought aid from the Soviet Union. In October 1962, Soviets began shipping nuclear-capable missiles to Cuba. American U-2 spy planes caught the shipments on film, touching off the Cuban Missile Crisis. For 13 days that month, President John F. Kennedy warned Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev to remove the missiles or face consequences - which most of the world interpreted as nuclear war. Khrushchev backed down. While the Soviet Union continued to back Castro, Cuban relations with the United States remained cold but not warlike. Cuban Refugees and the Cuban Five In 1979, faced with an economic downturn and civilian unrest, Castro told Cubans they could leave if they did not like conditions at home. Between April and October 1980, some 200,000 Cubans arrived in the United States. Under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 the United States could allow arrival of such immigrants and avoid their repatriation to Cuba. After Cuba lost most of its Soviet-block trading partners with the collapse of Communism between 1989 and 1991, it suffered another economic downturn. Cuban immigration to the United States climbed again in 1994 and 1995. In 1996 the United States arrested five Cuban men on charges of espionage and conspiracy to commit murder. The U.S. alleged they had entered Florida and infiltrated Cuban-American human rights groups. The U.S. also charged that information the so-called Cuban Five sent back to Cuba helped Castros air force destroy two Brothers-to-the-Rescue planes returning from a covert mission to Cuba, killing four passengers. U.S. courts convicted and jailed the Cuban Five in 1998. Castros Illness and Overtures at Normalization In 2008, after a prolonged illness, Castro ceded the presidency of Cuba to his brother, Raul Castro. While some outside observers believed that would signal the collapse of Cuban Communism, it did not happen. However, in 2009 after Barack Obama became president of the U.S., Raul Castro made overtures to talk to the United States about foreign policy normalization. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the 50-year American foreign policy toward Cuba had failed, and that Obamas administration was committed to finding ways to normalize Cuban-American relations. Obama has eased American travel to the island. Still, another issue stands in the way of normalized relations. In 2008 Cuba arrested USAID worker Alan Gross, charging him with distributing U.S. government-purchased computers with the intent of establishing a spy network inside Cuba. While Gross, 59 at the time of his arrest, claimed no knowledge of the computers sponsorship, Cuba tried and convicted him in March 2011. A Cuban court sentenced him to 15 years in prison. Former United States President Jimmy Carter, traveling on behalf of his Carter Center for human rights, visited Cuba in March and April 2011. Carter visited with the Castro brothers, and with Gross. While he said that he believed the Cuban 5 had been jailed long enough (a position that angered many human rights advocates), and that he hoped Cuba would quickly release Gross, he stopped short of suggesting any type of prisoner exchange. The Gross case seemed capable of halting any further normalization of relations between the two countries until its resolution.

Advertising psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising psychology - Essay Example In fact, medium through which ideas are expressed is not relevant, what matters is the nature of messages communicated to customers by these companies. Self-determination of this company is manifested through their effort and culture expressed in each of their offices. This company altered its brand from Wieden & Kennedy, Inc in May 2003, which was established during its founding in 1982, in Portland, Oregon (Businessweek, 2013, 1). Nevertheless, this agency has managed to offer their marketing services through offices located in countries such as Netherlands, Britain, America, Japan, China, Brazil and India. This agency has been managed by different managing directors since its founding; for instance, Luhr was one of the managing directors who headed this agency since in 1992 after working for a period of six years and later he became a partner (Businessweek, 2013, 1). On the other hand, Wieden+Kennedy has been involved in promotions of big companies such as Nike.Therefore, this pap er analyses â€Å"Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign† in order to discuss the topic of advertising psychology. Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign was aimed at creating a genuine reason for Jordan Lifestyle Apparel Collection, whereby it is focused on establishing a contemporary and culturally relevant gyrate on the legacy and life of Michael Jordan (Effie Awards, 2007, 2).... yle attire category; in fact, this campaign focuses on generation of additional media impression and talk value among the principal consumers in the fashion industry (Effie Awards, 2007, 2). The campaign was also focused on generating thirty percent sale of Jordan Brand Collection attire through a credible establishment of a brand as lifestyle alternatives for customers. 2. Psychological Theory Various distinctive theories of advertising have been discerned by numerous scholars since 1900s (Loken, 2006, 454). In fact, researchers had a conviction that understanding of psychological theories in marketing would derive a significant way of conducting a systematic analysis of trade instead of relying on chances or instinct. Especially, in the America, advertising has become a serious industry; for instance, in 2007, there was one hundred and forty nine billion spent on advertisements by different companies (Effie Awards, 2007, 1). Nevertheless, study in the field of advertising theories commenced in 1903, whereby a research was conducted in psychological laboratory of Northwestern University (Loken, 2006, 460). Nevertheless, some of psychological approaches that could be applied in advertising are indentified and they have increasingly developed significantly (Lau-Gesk, 2003, 301). Therefore, this section will seek to analyze some of the psychological theories applied in â€Å"Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign† by Wieden+Kennedy, Inc. In fact, these theories are focused on applying elements such as strategic communication and psychological alternation in potential of various customers (Cox & Cox, 2001, 103). 3. Cognitive psychology theories Cognitive psychology theories applicable to this advertisement focused on the form of self-referencing that could be utilized by the

Illegal Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Illegal Immigration in the US - Essay Example For example, editorial of the Los Angeles Times hits the Republican presidential hopefuls’ illegal immigration solutions as simply nothing but rhetorical promises that do not resolve the problem but aim only to win Latino votes; whereas, editorial of the New York Times challenges Obama’s leadership in bringing about his promise to reform the immigration law and to protect the civil rights of immigrants, citing his presidential powers enough to legally question the deeply unjust Arizona law against illegal immigration. The main concern of both editorials is to see that the country’s problem of illegal immigration be resolved; both are also doubtful on the sincerity of both Republicans and Democrats to solve the problem, accusing both political parties of simply using the issue for political expediency – to win immigrant votes for the coming presidential elections. Although both news companies criticize and challenge both the Republican and Democratic partie s’ stance on illegal immigration, they however differ on their specific concern from which their bias on the issue is observable. For example, the LA Times did not bother to comment on the Republicans’ call tougher and stricter immigration law enforcement despite contending public opinion on the extremism of the Arizona Law – This law essentially criminalizes illegal immigration and makes all immigrants feel unsafe (Baker A12; Editorial, New York Times, A24). Instead, the LA Times showed more concern on the practicality of the solutions the Republican presidential hopefuls offer, citing existing immigration policies and practices that render their proposals useless – e.g. Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney’s proposal to impose a national identification card combined with an electronic database for employers to verify their workers’ immigration status is criticized to simply force illegal immigrants to underground economy rather than self- deport; Newt Gingrich’s proposal to create a guest worker program is criticized for its failure to consider the 10-year ban against illegal immigrants; while Rick Santorum’s call for illegal immigrants to go back in line to immigrate legally is criticized to see that there is no such line for poor immigrants (Editorial, Los Angeles Times, par. 3-6). While the LA Times seemingly agrees with the Republicans for tougher and stricter border enforcement, it criticizes them for not heading-on the issue, cautioning them that such posturing will not win them the Latino votes. On the contrary, the NY Times concern centers more on challenging Obama – a democrat – to fulfill his promise to protect the rights and dignity of migrants, that he so strongly defends in his speech citing the cruelty of the Arizona Law, as he urges the US congress to reform the immigration law. The NY Times challenges Obama as he is confronted with Republican senators who have rejected bipa rtisanship and have dissented any practical and reasonable immigration reform (Editorial, New York Times, A24), and as Obama is similarly suspected of using the issue of illegal immigration for the coming presidential elections. Meaning Obama’s call for a bipartisan reform of the immigration law is meant to win Hispanic and middle-class votes and to put the blame on Republicans for the failure of

Piracy in Somalia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Piracy in Somalia - Term Paper Example These pirates catch hold of the ships and take the travellers and crew as hostage. Subsequently they start asking for huge sums of money from the ship owners or the respective governments. Some such major incidents taking place in the recent past include; On 8th April 2009, the Maersk Alabama, a US container ship carrying food aid for Somalis, was attacked in the Indian Ocean. After some negotiations, the pirates let go the crew but held the ship's captain as hostage in one of the lifeboat on the high seas. Subsequently, the captain was rescued in a daring attack by US Navy on 12th April, killing all the hostages. This was said to be the first instance of holding a US captain as hostage (Sheikh and Guled, 2009). Some months back, Somali Pirates caught hold of 'MV Faina', on 23rd September 2008. A Ukrainian ship loaded with tanks and antiaircraft guns was held by these pirates for about five months and released it only on 6th February after receiving the ransom amount (Jones and McGreal, 2009). Since the ship was loaded with explosive material bound for Kenya, six US warships kept a continuous vigil on the warship to ensure that these arms are not siphoned off elsewhere. Somali pirates seized MV Sirius Star, a 300,000-ton, 1,000-foot-long Saudi oil tanker on 18th November 2008 and released it only after more than a month. MV Sirius Star is stated to the largest ship ever held hostage by sea-pirates. Loaded with more than two million barrels of oil worth $100m the ship was set free only after a ransom amount of $3 million was dropped on the ship through a parachute (NBC, 2009). Though we are just into the fourth month of the year 2009, but there have been more than 66 such attacks already by the Pirates (McCrummen and DeYoung, 2009). The manner in which these pirates are able to extract big money from the corporate world seems to suggest that it is one of the most thriving things ever happened to Somalia. After extracting money from the ships, these pirates go on partying and enjoying for many days, which in turn must have been helping the Somali economy. This raises the ethical question about the manner in which such practices are in a way being encouraged form within Somalia. After knowing about such acts of terror from these bandits on Somali waters, one would be tempted to think about ways and means to counter such heinous acts. No civil society would encourage such actions. But, in case of Somalia, things do not appear as straight and simple. There are people, particularly from Somalia who think that these pirates are resorting to such acts of piracy in retaliation to what they have suffered all this while at the hand of European and Western nations. This raises the ethical questions as to why these pirates are being encouraged by the civil society. To find an answer to this question we will have to take a look at the recent past. Somalia has been at war with itself, particularly during the late 1980s and 1990s. The country was ruled by Mohamed Siad Barre, with an iron hand from 1969 to 1991. As public resentment started growing against this dictator, he was thrown out of power in 1991 and thereafter the country went into lawlessness. Though UN led forces remained in Somalia for some time after that, but with the increasing incidents of a

The sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults Essay Example for Free

The sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults Essay Lawler et al. (2007) studied the sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults in accordance with their sun exposures. This research will be helpful as skin cancer is increasing especially in the Australian region (p. 230). There is an increased possibility of acquiring skin cancer in one’s later years if an individual had a frequent sun exposure in his/her young adult age. Being actively engaged in certain sports is a major factor for habitual exposure to the sun (p. 230). Higher rates of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma were observed in the year 2001-2002. In a recent longitudinal study in 1993-1997, young adults were reported to have increased their sun exposure, but not their sun protection. Moreover, using objective measure technique, past researches discovered that elite athletes exceeded their sun exposure limits. A recent study also observed that 85% of college athletes don’t wear sunscreens even after a week of doing sports under the sun. Young men and women, 237 in number, aged 18-30 years old were contacted though the online yellow pages by using convenience sampling techniques. They were actively participating in four outdoor sports namely: hockey, tennis, soccer, and surf lifesaving. 20 paged, self-administered surveys were completed by the young competitors. The survey was based on previous measures that were published regarding sun protective behaviors and exposures (p. 231). Moreover, with items based on previous studies, the researchers measured the history of sunburn and sun protective measures namely: types of clothing worn, hats and shades worn, and application of sunscreen. Data were analyzed using SPSS version on 13. 0 for Windows. These revealed basic descriptive analysis on gender, skin type, and skin reactions. The sun protective behaviors were analyzed using chi-square. Results may not be 100% reliable because only participants for the most recent sports competition were included in the study, there were only four kinds of sports observed, and there were more female participants. The study revealed that almost half of the participants experienced sun burn with the surf sports participants being the most burnt. Hockey participants reported to have the least amount of sun exposure. Surf participants were observed to have the highest rates of sunscreen use and reapplication. As with previous studies, soccer and hockey players revealed that women applied more sunscreen than men; but this may not be accurate with other sports (p. 234) Tennis and surf lifesaving participants were reported to have greater tendencies to wear hats. Longer sun exposure and less clothing requirements in sports pose increased risks for skin cancer development. This study helps the cancer association by encouraging health promotions among young, sports oriented persons to decrease their sun exposure while increasing their physical activities. This case cries out for the improvement of certain approaches to sun protection in events regarding outdoor sports, especially with participating young adults. This may be done by a number of strategies like arranging game schedules and changing uniform rules. The study poses a significant help with the case of the next generation’s health and for the betterment of this topic’s future researches.

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living INTRODUCTION In this assignment I will present a patient I have cared for during one shift on my placement ward. Using the Holland et al (2008) Roper Logan Tierney model of care which focuses on the activities of daily living a description of care received by the patient will be outlined. Any reference made to the patient is under pseudonym and referred to as Mrs Oni to protect the patient confidentiality according NMC Code of conduct (2008). To comply with guidelines set out by Department of Health (2009) full verbal consent was first obtained from the patient before any information was used in this assignment. My placement was in abdominal and orthopaedics surgical ward were patients were routinely admitted from accident and emergency and prepared for surgery and admitted after surgery. I have chosen a 33 year old female patient admitted to accident and emergency department and then to the ward with acute lower abdominal pain and later had non elective surgery for appendicitis. It was my duty under the supervision of my mentor, during this shift to monitor and maintain internal and safe environment, communicate and encourage patient to mobilise and wound management. The assessment tools utilised to create a care plan according to priority are those implemented and used by the trust. All activities discussed will be reflected upon as part of personal and professional development. CASE STUDY Mrs Oni is a married mother with two children under the age of ten. She is a health support worker and is employed full time. Mrs Oni complained that the pain started at the umbilicus region and then later the pain intensified at her right lower abdominal quadrant. When she was admitted upon examination by the general surgical team it was reported that her abdomen was tender and gardening. Other symptoms presented included constipation, nausea, fever and loss of appetite which all common to the condition. Patient had past medical history of being treated for urinary tract infection to rule out this as a possible reoccurring cause a urine analysis was performed and sent to microbiology testing and further analysis. Bloods were also taken to check for raised neutrophil (white blood cell) count. No previous history of abdominal pain, aggravating factors, patient felt relief when lying down with knees pulled up, presented no urinary symptoms, no alcohol consumption, and patient is not on any medication. On observing Mrs Oni she appeared anxious and was tired due to pain. When the patient was assessed using interview skills and attempting to form a therapeutic relationship with the patient it was revealed that Mrs Oni wanted to maintain a traditional African diet rich in fibre with lots fruit and vegetables, but found it hard to find time to prepare the meals and replaced it with unhealthy snacks while at work and didnt eat at regular meal times. She also revealed that she did not get much exercise and weight gained plummeted after her second child. Oxford dictionary for nurses state that the appendix is the short thin blind ended tube, 7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10 long and is attached to the end of the caecum. The caecum is the first part of the large intestine according to Clancy McVicar (2002) appendicitis occurs when this tube becomes filled with faecal matter and or with other debris. It can also occur if the caecum is obstructed resulting in damage and blockage to the appendix. In both cases inflammation occurs which can cause rupture of the appendix and appendectomy surgery is required to stop other bowel and abdominal inflammatory conditions developing. I have chosen this patient because NHS Choices (2012) states that appendicitis is considered to be a common condition and that around 7% of UK population will develop the condition at some stage in the lives. It also states a lack of fibre in in diet can be a cause for the condition. I have also formed a good therapeutic relation with the patient. USING ROPER LOGAN TIERNEY MODEL Cronin Rawlings-Anderson (2004) cited Walker Avant (1995) who described practice theories as goal oriented actions. Llewellyn Hayes (2008) describes the model as an aid in assisting and measuring the patients ability to achieve independence at each stage of care. All 12 activities include, maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. All activities according to Holland et al (2008) are used as a framework for the assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating process in the provision of care. Maintaining a safe environment is one example of how the activities can relate to patient care. Diamond (2011) uses the care setting as an example how a person human rights can become easily compromised. The Human Rights Act (1998) article 3 states that No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This clearly illustrates that the environment in which a patient is care for should be maintained to ensure patient physical, mental and psychological wellbeing while also reducing the risk of infections. The Roper et al model of care is therefore a useful tool for ensuring that all patient needs are considered. Holland et al, (2008) also includes care for the internal environment that which is on a cellular level. This aspect forms a very important part of the recovery process for the case study patient Mrs Oni. ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING FRAMEWORK OF CARE Chinn Kramer (2008) argues that a nurses action can help to improve patient experience by using their awareness and theoretical knowledge in situations, thus dislodging patient fears about situations that are new to them. The handover received for Mrs Oni described the patient sleep patterns throughout the night, stated the analgesics; paracetamol and tramadol prescribed for pain, discussed patient mobility, discussed patient intervention that was the physiotherapy sessions which were required for chest exercises, wound care discussed where surgical clips removed from the wound sloughing observed and surgical team notified as a result antibiotics now prescribed eight hourly and stated wound dressing needed to be changed and catheter to be removed. Although the assessment of the patient was received from a secondary source in handover the patient care still needs to be assessed in order to establish care priority for the patient. Holland et al, (2008) assessment is therefore the first stage in the process where the nurse uses communication skills to gather to begin planning care for the patient. Breathing On assessing Mrs Oni it was found that she was still feeling tired after getting a full nights rest. While listening to the patient it was observed that her speech was quiet and chest movements were irregular. The pulse oximetry machine was used to further assess the levels of oxygen in the patient. Correctly using the equipment making sure the patient was not wearing nail polish which can alter readings. The diagnosis with the reading confirmed that Mrs Oni was lacking oxygen. The normal range for the baseline measurements are charted out using the Glasgow Coma Scale used by the trust. It indicated that reading above 94% is considered within the normal range, Mrs Oni reading were 93%. It was decided that oxygen therapy was needed. A second intervention after the oxygen therapy was reassessed and had improved the patient breathing was made to prevent secondary infections the physiotherapists work with Mrs Oni, to teach her deep breathing exercises to avoid developing chest infections. The use of communication in assisting Mrs Oni by first providing a vomitus bowl and tissues as needed with the nurse explaining to patient why it was important to expectorate any excess sputum while giving the nurse the opportunity to inspect colour of sputum for signs of infection, according to Basford Slevin (2001) this reduces the chances of developing other complications. Mobility Mobility according to Perry Potter (2004) is affected by events and nursing intervention can improve body function and ability to recovery. NICE clinical guidelines (2010) to encourage hydration and mobility to reduce risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This condition according to Clancy McVicar (2002) is where clotting occurs in the veins and affects patients who have had abdominal surgery and experienced child birth. The surgical team did prescribe some prophylaxis treatment anti-embolism stockings which are referred to as TED stockings. However, the patient refused to wear them and has a right to do so according NHS Choices (2011) under the Mental Health Capacity Act 2005 which advises that a person has the right to voluntarily refuse treatment. On assessing the patient no real barriers to mobility was observed and with improvements on the patient breathing and fatigue levels, knowledge of psychological issues was required to further diagnose the patient. Using communication skills to form a therapeutic relationship as an intervention, Mrs Oni revealed that she was very worried about her children, she became tearful but discussing her children helped to remind her that she need to recover quickly to get back to her family and home. She was able to later agree to wear the anti-embolism stocking and began to attempt to mobilise without assistance. Another nursing intervention used to aid Mrs Oni in mobilising was to administer prescribed analgesics for pain management thus reducing the effects of the surgical wounds present. Personal Cleansing and dressing Mrs Oni had a wound had become infected and needed to take meropenem by intravenous infusion which according to BNF (2012) an penicillin antibiotic prescribed for  intra-abdominal infections, skin and soft-tissue infections. Mrs Oni stated she was not allergic to penicillin upon admission but the side effects from the drug were likely to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and headaches. According to BNF (2012) patients most at risk of developing anaphylactic reactions are asthma, eczema and hay fever sufferers. On inspection of the wound while changing the dressing it appear to be less exudate. On previous dressing change I was reported that there was some sloughing which is according to Perry Potter (2004) pg. 1278 are tissue cells that have died and have been removed from the body. Cleaning of the wound using the aseptic technique and new dressing were applied. Mrs Oni was then assisted with her personal hygiene needs and expressed that she was feeling much better. These actions taken will help to improve body image and reduce risk of prolonging the infection. Pain Although not mentioned in the handover it is still an effect experience after surgery. The tool used to measure pain is done using a numerical rating system with a scale rating pain from 0 to 10. Zero being there is no pain and ten being the highest value Indicating intervention needed. Perry Potter (2004) p.1274 definition of pain, subjective, unpleasant sensation caused by noxious stimulation of sensory nerve endings. This notion that pain is subjective is very true as each individual experiences pain in a different way according to Ewards R. article in Benzon et al (2005) pain can also be measured through observing behaviour. Mrs Oni did report pain and the prescribed analgesics were given as prescribed. Upon evaluation it was verbalised by Mrs Oni that she was in less pain four hours an hour later after administration. CONCLUSION The important aspect of the reflective process is to develop critical thinking skills which according to Jasper (2006) helps to develop the ability give clear rationales when making decisions. Reflecting using Gibbs et al (1988) cited by Bulman Schutz (2008) cycle where a series of reflective questions to be thoughtfully answered in retrospect which begins with the experience, a description of feelings, taking in account the positives and negatives, looking at the situation from different angels, what else I could have added to improve the outcome and finally the actions taken. Using the experience of caring for someone post-operative using the Roper et al, framework of care was a good teaching guide and created self-awareness of the process while helping to give a structured framework to gather knowledge in a way that was useful. I felt more comfortable and confident in discussing issues with my mentor on issues of care. The environment was very challenging but the framework help m e to focus and achieve my objectives. Evaluation of care using Llewellyn Hayes (2008) uses Huycke and Alls (2000) framework that encompasses all involved in the provision and receipt of care. The ward provides a comment card for patients, this way the immediate providers of care the staff receive instant and genuine feedback. This shows the patient experience is valued.